
FIRST SHUTTLE LANDING -- The Space Shuttle Columbia glides down over Rogers Dry Lake as it heads for a landing at Edwards Air Force Base at the conclusion of its first orbital mission on April 14, 1981.

NASA astronaut Josh Cassada will team with NASA astronaut Suni Williams on Boeing’s first operational mission to the International Space Station onboard the company’s CST-100 Starliner spacecraft. They joined fellow commercial crew astronauts Eric Boe, Chris Ferguson, Nicole Mann, Bob Behnken, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins and Doug Hurley for a celebration at Johnson Space Center in Houston on Aug. 3, 2018. Boe, Ferguson and Mann will fly on Starliner in Boeing’s Crew Flight Test to the space station. . Behnken and Hurley will fly on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon in the company’s Demo-2 flight test to the space station, while Glover and Hopkins are assigned to Crew Dragon’s first operational mission to station.

Commercial crew astronauts Eric Boe, Josh Cassada, Chris Ferguson, Nicole Mann, Suni Williams, Bob Behnken, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins and Doug Hurley interact with employees at Johnson Space Center shortly after their commercial spaceflight assignments were announced. Boe, Ferguson and Mann will fly on Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner in the company’s upcoming Crew Flight Test to the International Space Station, while Cassada and Williams are assigned to Starliner’s first operational mission to the space station. Behnken and Hurley will fly on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon in the company’s Demo-2 flight test to the space station, while Glover and Hopkins are assigned to Crew Dragon’s first operational mission to station.

NASA astronaut Nicole Mann will team with commercial crew astronauts Eric Boe and Chris Ferguson onboard Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner in the company’s Crew Flight Test to the International Space Station. They joined fellow commercial crew astronauts Bob Behnken, Josh Cassada, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins, Doug Hurley and Suni Williams for a celebration at Johnson Space Center in Houston on Aug, 3, 2018. Cassada and Williams will fly on Starliner’s first operational mission to the space station. Behnken and Hurley will fly on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon in the company’s Demo-2 flight test to the space station, while Glover and Hopkins are assigned to Crew Dragon’s first operational mission to station.

TOUCHDOWN! -- The Space Shuttle Columbia touches down on lakebed runway 23 at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., to conclude the first orbital shuttle mission, April 14, 1981.

The official crew portrait for NASA’s Boeing Crew Flight Test. Left is Suni Williams, who will serve as the pilot, and to the right is Barry “Butch” Wilmore, spacecraft commander.

PHOTO DATE:02-11-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 8, Room 272 - Photo Studio SUBJECT: Individual portrait of STS-135 pilot Doug Hurley in ACES suit. WORK ORDER: 00632-BS___DOUG HURLEY-03-14-08 PHOTOGRAPHER: BILL STAFFORD

The Space Shuttle Columbia on Rogers Dry lakebed at Edwards AFB after landing to complete its first orbital mission on April 14, 1981. Technicians towed the Shuttle back to the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center for post-flight processing and preparation for a return ferry flight atop a modified 747 to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (JSC photo # S81-30749)

The Space Shuttle Columbia on Rogers Dry lakebed at Edwards AFB after landing to complete its first orbital mission on April 14, 1981. Technicians towed the Shuttle back to the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center for post-flight processing and preparation for a return ferry flight atop a modified 747 to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (JSC photo # S81-31163)

WELCOME HOME -- Space Shuttle astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen (in tan space suits) are greeted by members of the ground crew moments after stepping off the shuttle Columbia following its first landing at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. Young and Crippen had piloted the Columbia on its first orbital space mission, April 12 - 14, 1981.

PHOTO DATE: 02-11-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 8, Room 272 - Photo Studio SUBJECT: Individual portrait of STS-135 Rex Walheim in ACES suit WORK ORDER: 00461-BS__REXWALHEIM_02-11-11 PHOTOGRAPHER: BILL STAFFORD

The Space Shuttle Columbia touches down on lakebed runway 23 at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., to conclude the first orbital shuttle mission. (JSC photo # S81-30734)

NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins will team with NASA astronaut Victor Glover on SpaceX’s first operational mission to the International Space Station onboard the company’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. They joined fellow commercial crew astronauts Bob Behnken, Eric Boe, Josh Cassada, Chris Ferguson, Nicole Mann, Doug Hurley and Suni Williams for a celebration at Johnson Space Center in Houston on Aug. 3, 2018. Mann, Boe and Ferguson will fly onboard Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner in the company’s Crew Flight Test to the space station, while Cassada and Williams will fly on Starliner’s first operational mission to station. Behnken and Hurley are assigned to SpaceX’s Demo-2 flight test to the space station onboard Crew Dragon.

NASA astronaut Victor Glover joins fellow commercial crew astronauts Bob Behnken, Eric Boe, Josh Cassada, Chris Ferguson, Mike Hopkins, Doug Hurley, Nicole Mann and Suni Williams on Aug. 3, 2018, for a celebration at Johnson Space Center in Houston following the announcement of their commercial spaceflight assignments. Behnken and Hurley will fly on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon in the company’s Demo-2 flight test to the International Space Station, while Glover and Hopkins are assigned to Crew Dragon’s first operational mission to the space station. Mann will team with Boe and Ferguson onboard Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner in the company’s Crew Flight Test to station. Cassada and Williams will fly on Starliner’s first operational mission to the space station.

Commercial spaceflight assignments for commercial crew astronauts Eric Boe, Bob Behnken, Josh Cassada, Chris Ferguson, Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins, Doug Hurley, Nicole Mann and Suni Williams were announced on Aug. 3, 2018 at Johnson Space Center in Houston. Boe, Ferguson and Mann will fly on Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner in the company’s upcoming Crew Flight Test to the International Space Station, while Cassada and Williams are assigned to Starliner’s first operational mission to the space station. Behnken and Hurley will fly on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon in the company’s Demo-2 flight test to the space station, while Glover and Hopkins are assigned to Crew Dragon’s first operational mission to station.

PHOTO DATE: 02-11-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 8, Room 272 - Photo Studio SUBJECT: Individual portrait of STS-135 commander Chris Ferguson in ACES suit WORK ORDER: 00633-BS___CHRIS FERGUSON-03-14-08 PHOTOGRAPHER: BILL STAFFORD

Vance D. Brand portrait after being selected for the Apollo program. (JSC photo S71-51263)

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

From left, NASA astronauts Shannon Walker, Victor Gover and Michael Hopkins, along with Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), board a plane from Ellington Field near the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, en route to Kennedy Space Center in Florida for NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 mission to begin final launch preparations. Crew-1 is the first operational mission of the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

From left, NASA astronauts Shannon Walker, Victor Gover and Michael Hopkins, along with Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), board a plane from Ellington Field near the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, en route to Kennedy Space Center in Florida for NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 mission to begin final launch preparations. Crew-1 is the first operational mission of the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

Soichi Noguchi (shown) of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), along with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover, and Shannon Walker, board a plane from Ellington Field near the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, en route to Kennedy Space Center in Florida for NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 mission to begin final launch preparations. Crew-1 is the first operational mission of the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

From left, NASA astronaut Shannon Walker, Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and NASA astronauts Victor Gover and Michael Hopkins, board a plane from Ellington Field near the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, en route to Kennedy Space Center in Florida for NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 mission to begin final launch preparations. Crew-1 is the first operational mission of the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

On Thursday, March 19 and Friday, March 20, SpaceX teams in Firing Room 4 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida and the company's Mission Control in Hawthorne, California, along with NASA flight controllers in Mission Control Houston, executed a full simulation of launch and docking of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley participating in SpaceX's flight simulator.

The Carbothermal Reduction Demonstration (CaRD) project aims to demonstrate the carbothermal reduction of lunar regolith to produce oxygen on the Lunar South Pole. For this test, the team integrated the solar concentrator, mirrors, and software and confirmed the production of carbon monoxide.