iss058e013795 (2/15/2019) --- Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut David Saint-Jacques is shown onboard the International Space Station (ISS) performing the Time Perception in Microgravity investigation. The goal of the Time Perception in Microgravity experiment is to investigate the perception of time to crew members aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Crewmembers are asked to evaluate or reproduce the display duration of a blue square presented in the center of the head-mounted display. The results are compared with pre- and postflight baselines.

iss058e013797 (2/15/2019) --- NASA astronaut Anne McClain is shown onboard the International Space Station (ISS) performing the Time Perception in Microgravity investigation. The goal of the Time Perception in Microgravity experiment is to investigate the perception of time to crew members aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Crewmembers are asked to evaluate or reproduce the display duration of a blue square presented in the center of the head-mounted display. The results are compared with pre- and postflight baselines.

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Megan McArthur speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough surveys what students in the tech crew in the Space Shuttle Simulator room are doing during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Megan McArthur speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough sings the national anthem during opening ceremonies of a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Megan McArthur speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Megan McArthur speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

S81-30853 (14 April 1981) --- Astronaut John W. Young, left center talks with George W.S. Abbey, director of flight operations at Johnson Space Center, following egress from the STS-1 Columbia, which forms the backdrop for this postflight scene. Young is en route to the van at right which will take him and fellow crew member Robert L. Crippen (STS-1 pilot still inside Columbia) to facilities at nearby Dryden Flight Research Center. Columbia will be mated to a 747 carrier craft and flown to Florida, where it will be refurbished to accommodate STS-2, scheduled for a Sept. 30 launch date. Photo credit: NASA

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), left, and NASA astronauts Megan McArthur, center, and Shane Kimbrough, right, look at Thomas Moran’s 1872 painting “The Grand Canyon of Yellowstone,” Thursday, June 9, 2022, during a visit to the National Park Service at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson and U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va. sing the national anthem during opening ceremonies of a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough surveys what students in the tech crew in the Space Shuttle Simulator room are doing during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Koji Tomita, Japan's Ambassador to the US, center, speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), left, and NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough, second from right, and Megan McArthur, Thursday, June 9, 2022, at the Japanese Ambassador’s Residence in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts meet with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide speak about NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission during a presentation with leadership and rangers who participate in the National Park Service’s astronomy and dark sky programs, Thursday, June 9, 2022 at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, Hoshide, NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson surveys what students in the tech crew in the Space Shuttle Simulator room are doing during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Arlington Science Focus Elementary School teacher Charles Harvey looks over the shoulder of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, while she surveys what students in the tech crew in the Space Shuttle Simulator room are doing during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Shane Kimbrough, left, and Megan McArthur, right, speak during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA astronaut Megan McArthur points to the shadow of the Gateway Arch on the Mississippi River in St. Louis while showing images of National Parks taken from the International Space Station during Expeditions 65 and 66 during a presentation to leadership and rangers who participate in the National Park Service’s astronomy and dark sky programs, Thursday, June 9, 2022 at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. McArthur, NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, flew on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission, the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program, and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Megan McArthur speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks during a meeting with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks during a meeting with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Park ranger Rader Lane speaks on the National Park Service’s astronomy and dark sky programs at Grand Canyon National Park during a visit by NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough of NASA, and Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Thursday, June 9, 2022 at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide answers a question at the conclusion of a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School with crew mates NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Executive Producer Betsy Forhan speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Ambassador of France to the United States Philippe Etienne delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts meet with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet signs a montage for NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va., left, greets NASA Administrator Bill Nelson and NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronaut Shane Kimbrough speaks during a meeting with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide speaks with students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Shannon Estenoz, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks at the Department of the Interior, delivers remarks during a visit by NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts with leadership and rangers who participate in the National Park Service’s astronomy and dark sky programs, Thursday, June 9, 2022 at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide is seen with Koji Tomita, Japan's Ambassador to the US, Thursday, June 9, 2022, at the Japanese Ambassador’s Residence in Washington, DC. Hoshide, NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet flew on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission, the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program, and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

President of the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) Dr. Philippe Baptiste delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the CNES 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts meet with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronaut Megan McArthur speaks during a meeting with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Photo Credit: (Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Shane Kimbrough, left, and Megan McArthur, right, speak during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, left, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, right, speak during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Shannon Estenoz, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks at the Department of the Interior, delivers remarks during a visit by NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts with leadership and rangers who participate in the National Park Service’s astronomy and dark sky programs, Thursday, June 9, 2022 at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

Principle of Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Mary Begley, shows NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Megan McArthur, right, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, left, the school's aquarium, during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronaut Shane Kimbrough, left. speaks with NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana, after a meeting with NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy, and fellow crew members ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Park ranger Rader Lane speaks on the National Park Service’s astronomy and dark sky programs at Grand Canyon National Park during a visit by NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough of NASA, and Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Thursday, June 9, 2022 at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Shane Kimbrough, left, and Megan McArthur, right, speak during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts meet with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

From left to right, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, are seen during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson speaks to students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts meet with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Principal of Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Mary Begley, greets NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, right, U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va., center, and NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Koji Tomita, Japan's Ambassador to the US, center, speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), second from left, and NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough, second from right, and Megan McArthur, Thursday, June 9, 2022, at the Japanese Ambassador’s Residence in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet speaks during a meeting with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy looks on while NASA Administrator Bill Nelson speaks during a meeting with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough of NASA, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide speak with Shannon Estenoz, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, Thursday, June 9, 2022, during a visit to the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet during a meeting with fellow NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy, and NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronaut Shane Kimbrough signs a montage for NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy while fellow Crew-2 members look on, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy looks on while NASA Administrator Bill Nelson speaks during a meeting with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Shane Kimbrough, left, and Megan McArthur, right, speak during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

President of the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) Dr. Philippe Baptiste delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the CNES 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Shane Kimbrough, left, and Megan McArthur, right, speak during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Ambassador of France to the United States Philippe Etienne delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide speaks with students during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

U.S. State Department Director of the Office of Space Affairs for the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Valda Vikmanis-Keller, delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

National Space Council (NSpC) Executive Secretary Chirag Parikh delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Koji Tomita, Japan's Ambassador to the US, second from left, poses for a picture with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), left, and NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough, second from right, and Megan McArthur, after being presented with a montage from their mission, Thursday, June 9, 2022, at the Japanese Ambassador’s Residence in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts meet with National Geographic leadership and staff Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Photo Engineer Tom O’Brien speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a tour of the Photo Engineering Department, Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at National Geographic Headquarters in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Shane Kimbrough, left, and Megan McArthur, right, speak during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

Koji Tomita, Japan's Ambassador to the US, second from left, is presented with a montage by NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Akihiko Hoshide of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), left, and NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough, second from right, and Megan McArthur, Thursday, June 9, 2022, at the Japanese Ambassador’s Residence in Washington, DC. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide surveys what students in the tech crew in the Space Shuttle Simulator room are doing during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA astronaut Megan McArthur shows pictures of National Parks taken from the International Space Station during Expeditions 65 and 66 during a presentation to leadership and rangers who participate in the National Park Service’s astronomy and dark sky programs, Thursday, June 9, 2022 at the U.S. Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. McArthur, NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, flew on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission, the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program, and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

While instruments on the pallets in the payload bay observed the universe, biological experiments were performed in the middeck of the Shuttle Orbiter Challenger. Studying life processes in a microgravity environment can shed new light on the functioning of biological systems on Earth. These investigations can also help us understand how living organisms react to prolonged weightlessness. One such experiment was the vitamin D metabolites and bone demineralization experiment. This investigation measured the vitamin d metabolite levels of crew members to gain information on the cause of bone demineralization and mineral imbalance that occur during prolonged spaceflight as well as on Earth. Research into the biochemical nature of vitamin D has shown that the D-metabolites play a major role in regulating the body's calcium and phosphorus levels. One major function of the most biologically active vitamin D metabolite is to regulate the amount of calcium absorbed from the diet and taken out of bones. This investigation had two phases. The first was the developmental phase, which included extensive testing before flight, and the second, or final phase, involved the postflight analysis of the crew's blood samples. This photograph shows a blood draw test kit and centrifuge used for the experiment aboard the Spacelab-2. Marshall Space Flight Center had management responsibilities of all Spacelab missions.

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts Megan McArthur, center left, and Shane Kimbrough, center right, speak with NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy, left, and NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana, right, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

From left to right, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, and U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va. are seen outside of Arlington Science Focus Elementary School at the conclusion of a visit to the school, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Associate Administrator for Space Operations Kathy Lueders speaks with NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts during a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Megan McArthur, left, and Shane Kimbrough, second from right, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, right, present Principal of Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Mary Begley, with a montage from their mission, while NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, third from right, and U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va., second from left, look on, during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

From left to right, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, and U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va. are seen outside of Arlington Science Focus Elementary School at the conclusion of a visit to the school, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Megan McArthur, left, and Shane Kimbrough, second from right, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, right, present U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va., second from left, with a montage from their mission, while NASA Administrator Bill Nelson looks on, during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va. reads a question from a student to NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, left, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur, center, and Shane Kimbrough during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson gives remarks during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School by U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va. and NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 astronauts participate in a meet and greet with employees Tuesday, June 7, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington. Kimbrough, McArthur, Hoshide, and Pesquet completed the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program and spent 198 days aboard the orbiting laboratory as part of Expeditions 65 and 66. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, second from right, and U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va., right, and NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, sing the national anthem during opening ceremonies of a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

From left to right, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, Principal of Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Mary Begley, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, and U.S. Rep. Don Beyer, D-Va. pose for a photo during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

From left to right, NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana, and NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, are seen during a meeting with fellow Crew-2 members, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet and NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, Monday, June 6, 2022, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters Building in Washington DC. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson introduces NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, during a visit to Arlington Science Focus Elementary School, Friday, June 10, 2022, in Arlington, Virginia. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson delivers remarks during an Artemis Accords signing ceremony Tuesday, June 7, 2022, prior to the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) 60th Anniversary event at the French Ambassador’s Residence in Washington. France is the twentieth country to sign the Artemis Accords, which establish a practical set of principles to guide space exploration cooperation among nations participating in NASA’s Artemis program. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)