S93-40688 (1993) --- Astronaut Claude Nicollier, representing European Space Agency (ESA).

jsc2025e068846_alt (Sept. 19, 2025) --- Official portrait of ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and SpaceX Crew-12 member Sophie Adenot at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Credit: NASA/Robert Markowitz

Official portrait of ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst in an EMU suit. Photo Date: June 3, 2013. Location: Building 8, Room 183 - Photo Studio. Photographer: Robert Markowitz

jsc2025e073950 - French European Space Agency astronaut Sophie Adenot in the NASA Johnson Space Center photo studio on September 4, 2025. Photographer: Helen Arase Vargas and David DeHoyos – Johnson Space Center

iss074e0433179 (April 3, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot smiles for a portrait while showing off an Optical Coherence Tomography machine, a medical imaging device used for eye exams. Doctors on the ground monitor the eye exam in real-time viewing an astronaut's retina, lens, and cornea. Vision is critical to a mission’s success and doctors regularly check the astronauts’ eyes to counteract the potential effects of living in space. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0325597 (Feb. 25, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 Flight Engineer Sophie Adenot points a camera out a cupola window and photographs International Space Station solar arrays for inspection. The orbital outpost was soaring 260 miles above Venezuela at the time of this photograph. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0319380 (Feb. 19, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 Flight Engineer Sophie Adenot wears personal protective equipment and conducts orbital plumbing maintenance inside the International Space Station's Tranquility module. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0333993 (Feb. 26, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 Flight Engineer Sophie Adenot is pictured inside the International Space Station's Harmony module during cargo stowage activities. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0432742 (April 3, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot is wearing a portable breathing apparatus to test its readiness for unlikely emergency scenarios such as an oxygen leak, chemical leak, or fire aboard the orbital outpost. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

jsc2026e002964 (Jan. 12, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and SpaceX Crew-12 Mission Specialist Sophie Adenot is photographed in her pressure suit during the Crew Equipment Interface Test at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The goal of the training is to rehearse launch day activities and get a close look at the Dragon spacecraft. Credit: SpaceX

jsc2025e073892_alt (Sept. 11, 2025) --- Official portrait of ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot wearing a spacesuit, also called an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Credit: NASA/Helen Arase Vargas and David DeHoyos

jsc2026e002319 (Jan. 14, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot, mission specialist of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-12 mission to the International Space Station, poses for a portrait in her pressure suit at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California. Credit: SpaceX

iss074e0433182 (April 3, 2026) --- NASA astronaut Chris Williams smiles for a portrait while guiding ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot as she peers into an Optical Coherence Tomography machine, a medical imaging device used for eye exams. Doctors on the ground monitored in real-time viewing her retina, lens, and cornea. Vision is critical to a mission’s success and doctors regularly check the astronauts’ eyes to counteract the potential effects of living in space. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

jsc2026e002975 (Jan. 12, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and SpaceX Crew-12 Mission Specialist Sophie Adenot is photographed in her pressure suit and inside the Dragon spacecraft during the Crew Equipment Interface Test at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The goal of the training is to rehearse launch day activities and get a close look at the spacecraft that will take them to the International Space Station. Credit: SpaceX

iss074e0414454 (March 26, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot inserts biological research samples into a science freezer inside the International Space Station’s Destiny laboratory module. The freezer, formally known as the Minus Eighty-degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI), maintains experiment samples at ultra‑cold temperatures, significantly enhancing microgravity research capabilities and preserving biological specimens for analysis back on Earth. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0414445 (March 26, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot inserts biological research samples into a science freezer inside the International Space Station’s Destiny laboratory module. The freezer, formally known as the Minus Eighty-degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI), maintains experiment samples at ultra‑cold temperatures, significantly enhancing microgravity research capabilities and preserving biological specimens for analysis back on Earth. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0545538 (April 18, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot speaks to students on the ground using the International Space Station's ham radio. The ARISS, or Amateur Radio on the International Space Station, program gives students around the world the opportunity to talk directly with crew members aboard the orbital outpost, inspiring them to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and math. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0586304 (May 17, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot shows off new scientific hardware recently delivered to the International Space Station aboard a SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft. The new research equipment aims to grow human bone cells on a specially treated rattan‑wood scaffold to simulate osteoporosis in microgravity. Insights from the investigation may lead to advanced treatments for osteoporosis and improved bone‑healing therapies for patients. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

DATE: 9-1-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 5south, SSTF SUBJECT: Expedition 30 crew member and ESA astronaut Andre Kuipers training in SSTF near Columbia module on laptops with trainer Michaela Benda. PHOTOGRAPHER: Lauren Harnett

iss074e0314129 (Feb. 14, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and SpaceX Crew-12 Mission Specialist Sophie Adenot enters the International Space Station after docking aboard the Dragon spacecraft to join Expedition 74 and begin a long-duration microgravity research mission. Credit: NASA/Chris Williams

DATE: 9-1-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 5south, SSTF SUBJECT: Expedition 30 crew member and ESA astronaut Andre Kuipers training in SSTF near Columbia module on laptops with trainer Michaela Benda. PHOTOGRAPHER: Lauren Harnett

DATE: 9-1-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 5south, SSTF SUBJECT: Expedition 30 crew member and ESA astronaut Andre Kuipers training in SSTF near Columbia module on laptops with trainer Michaela Benda. PHOTOGRAPHER: Lauren Harnett

DATE: 9-1-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 5south, SSTF SUBJECT: Expedition 30 crew member and ESA astronaut Andre Kuipers training in SSTF near Columbia module on laptops with trainer Michaela Benda. PHOTOGRAPHER: Lauren Harnett

DATE: 9-1-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 5south, SSTF SUBJECT: Expedition 30 crew member and ESA astronaut Andre Kuipers training in SSTF near Columbia module on laptops with trainer Michaela Benda. PHOTOGRAPHER: Lauren Harnett

DATE: 9-1-11 LOCATION: Bldg. 5south, SSTF SUBJECT: Expedition 30 crew member and ESA astronaut Andre Kuipers training in SSTF near Columbia module on laptops with trainer Michaela Benda. PHOTOGRAPHER: Lauren Harnett

Date: 08-21-14 Location: Bldg 36, 131 Subject: ESA Astronaut Andreas Mogensen and NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik during NEEMO 19 communications training with instructors Marcum Reagan and Barbara Janoiko Photographer: James Blair

Date: 08-21-14 Location: Bldg 36, 131 Subject: ESA Astronaut Andreas Mogensen and NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik during NEEMO 19 communications training with instructors Marcum Reagan and Barbara Janoiko Photographer: James Blair

Date: 08-21-14 Location: Bldg 36, 131 Subject: ESA Astronaut Andreas Mogensen and NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik during NEEMO 19 communications training with instructors Marcum Reagan and Barbara Janoiko Photographer: James Blair

Date: 08-21-14 Location: Bldg 36, 131 Subject: ESA Astronaut Andreas Mogensen and NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik during NEEMO 19 communications training with instructors Marcum Reagan and Barbara Janoiko Photographer: James Blair

JSC2015E053685 (04/30/2015) ---Expedition 44 backup crewmember ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Timothy Peake.

ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli speaks to Marines about his time onboard the International Space Station after a tour of the Home of the Commandants of the Marine Corps, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

iss074e0314160 (Feb. 16, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 Flight Engineer Sophie Adenot swaps hard drives inside the Advanced Space Experiment Processor-4 (ADSEP-4). Located aboard the International Space Station's Destiny laboratory module, the ADESP-4 houses and processes research samples for an array of microbiology and physics studies and can be operated onboard the Dragon and Cygnus spacecraft, as well as the orbital outpost. Credit: NASA/Chris Williams

NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik, left, and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli, right, pose for a photo outside the Home of the Commandants of the Marine Corps, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik, center, wife Rebecca, right, and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli tour the Home of the Commandants of the Marine Corps, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli tours the Home of the Commandants of the Marine Corps, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli tours the Home of the Commandants of the Marine Corps, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli tours the Home of the Commandants of the Marine Corps, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

iss074e0540893 (April 28, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot works inside the Kibo laboratory module's Life Science Glovebox. Adenot was exploring ways to use the International Space Station’s potable water to produce medical grade intravenous fluids, or saline solutions, to treat medical conditions in space. The Intravenous Fluid Generation – Mini technology demonstration seeks to reduce a crew’s dependence on cargo missions and avoid expiration of medical supplies on a spacecraft. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0381623 (March 12, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot poses for a portrait inside the International Space Station’s cupola. Outside the window are the Soyuz MS‑28 crew spacecraft and a cymbal‑shaped UltraFlex solar array belonging to Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus XL cargo spacecraft. The orbital outpost was soaring 264 miles above the South Atlantic Ocean at the time of this photograph. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

iss074e0710076 (June 12, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot swaps hard drives inside the Advanced Space Experiment Processor-4, a research device that supports the processing of scientific samples, increasing the International Space Station's capacity for microgravity research. Credit: ESA (European Space Agency)

NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik, right, and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli, left, speak to Marines about their time onboard the International Space Station after touring the Home of the Commandants of the Marine Corps, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

NASA Communications’ Jasmine Hopkins interviews individuals from NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) on the Operations and Support Building II balcony at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida during the agency’s SpaceX Crew-2 launch broadcast on April 23, 2021. The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft lifted off from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A at 5:49 a.m. EDT. Part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, Crew-2 delivered NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet to the International Space Station for a six-month science mission.

JSC2015E053686 (04/30/2015) --- Expedition 44 backup crew ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Timothy Peake (left), Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko (ROSCOSMOS) (center), and NASA astronaut Timothy L. Kopra .

iss074e0812230 (July 12, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophe Adenot poses for a portrait while signing her autograph on the wall around the Expedition 74 mission sticker inside the International Space Station’s Quest airlock. Credit: NASA/Chris Williams

iss074e0540294 (April 28, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot activates the Kibo laboratory module's Life Science Glovebox for the Intravenous Fluid Generation – Mini (IVGEN Mini) technology demonstration. Adenot was exploring ways to use the International Space Station’s potable water to produce medical grade intravenous fluids, or saline solutions, to treat medical conditions in space. IVGEN Mini seeks to reduce a crew’s dependence on cargo missions and avoid expiration of medical supplies on a spacecraft. Credit: ESA/Sophie Adenot

ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli sits on a couch where Archibald Henderson, the 5th Commandant of the Marine Corps passed away in 1859, during a tour of the Home of the Commandants, Monday, May 7, 2018 in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

Johann-Dietrich Woerner, Director General of ESA (European Space Agency), speaks during the Heads of Agency Plenary of the 70th International Astronautical Congress, Monday, Oct. 21, 2019 at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

Frank de Winne, manager, International Space Station Program, ESA, participates in a postlaunch news conference for NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission on April 23, 2021, at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Liftoff time on a Falcon 9 rocket was at 5:49 p.m. EDT. Crew Dragon Endeavour is carrying NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist, to the International Space Station. Crew-2 is the second regular crew mission of a U.S. commercial spacecraft with astronauts to the space station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. Endeavour will dock with the station and the crew will remain on the orbiting laboratory for a six-month science mission.

JSC2006-E-54836 (23 Dec. 2006) --- In this scene at Ellington Field, European Space Agency astronaut Thomas Reiter (second left, foreground) shakes hands with JSC deputy director Robert D. Cabana. Reiter had just arrived from Florida, along with the STS-116 crew. He completed half a year aboard the International Space Station before departing the station with the STS-116 astronauts, who landed at the Kennedy Space Center on Dec. 22. Part of Reiter's time onboard the orbital outpost was spent with astronaut Jeffrey N. Williams, left, Expedition 13 flight engineer and NASA station science officer. ESA astronaut Gerhard Thiele is also pictured.

From left, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide enter the elevator inside the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. The four astronauts will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

Frank de Winne, manager, International Space Station Program, European Space Agency (ESA), participates in an interview on the Operations and Support Building II balcony during the launch broadcast for NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021. The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft lifted off from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A at 5:49 a.m. EDT. Part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, Crew-2 delivered NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet to the International Space Station for a six-month science mission.

Frank de Winne, manager, International Space Station Program, ESA, participates in the SpaceX Crew-2 prelaunch news conference held at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 20, 2021. NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and  Megan McArthur, JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet will fly on Crew-2, the second crew rotation mission to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. They will launch aboard SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft, named Endeavour, powered by the company’s Falcon 9 rocket. Liftoff is set for Earth Day, Thursday, April 22, at 6:11 a.m. EDT.

Frank de Winne, manager, International Space Station Program, ESA, speaks during NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 arrival media event held at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 16, 2021. NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and  Megan McArthur, JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, who arrived at Kennedy just minutes before the media event, will fly to the space station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. Liftoff is targeted for Thursday, April 22, at 6:11 a.m. EDT.

ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet smiles inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. Pesquet, along with NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide smiles inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. Hoshide, along with NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide is seated inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. Hoshide, along with NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet relaxes inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. Pesquet, along with NASA astronauts Megan McArthur and Shane Kimbrough, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

Representatives from NASA participate in a media event at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Friday, April 16, 2021, upon the arrival of NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur – who will serve as the mission’s spacecraft commander and pilot, respectively – along with JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, who will serve as mission specialists in advance of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. Participants include: NASA Acting Administrator Steve Jurzczyk; Bob Cabana, director, Kennedy Space Center; Junichi Sakai, manager, International Space Station Program, JAXA; Frank de Winne, manager, International Space Station Program, ESA,; NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArtur, pilot; JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist. Launch is currently targeted for 6:11 a.m. ET Thursday, April 22. The SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, name Endeavour by the Crew-2 astronauts, will launch on a Falcon 9 rocket from historic Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Representatives from NASA participate in a media event at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Friday, April 16, 2021, upon the arrival of NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur – who will serve as the mission’s spacecraft commander and pilot, respectively – along with JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, who will serve as mission specialists in advance of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. Participants include: NASA Acting Administrator Steve Jurzczyk; Bob Cabana, director, Kennedy Space Center; Junichi Sakai, manager, International Space Station Program, JAXA; Frank de Winne, manager, International Space Station Program, ESA,; NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArtur, pilot; JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist. Launch is currently targeted for 6:11 a.m. ET Thursday, April 22. The SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, name Endeavour by the Crew-2 astronauts, will launch on a Falcon 9 rocket from historic Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

iss074e0316030 (Feb. 18, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot installs research components inside the Advanced Space Experiment Processor‑2 (ADSEP‑2), which houses and processes samples for a variety of biology and physics experiments aboard the International Space Station. The ADSEP‑2 can also operate inside SpaceX Dragon and Northrop Grumman spacecraft during launch and throughout their stays at the orbital outpost. Credit: NASA/Jessica Meir

iss074e0587449 (May 17, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot prepares to install new research hardware, delivered aboard a SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft, into the Columbus laboratory module’s BioLab facility, which enables biology research aboard the International Space Station. The new equipment supports an investigation into how nerve and muscle cells grow and communicate in microgravity compared to cell samples on Earth. Credit: NASA/Chris Williams

iss074e0672783 (June 8, 2026) --- ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut and Expedition 74 flight engineer Sophie Adenot shows off an Advanced Space Experiment Sample Processor-4 research cassette being used aboard the International Space Station to study how weightlessness affects drug crystals, possibly leading to new pharmaceutical formulas. Credit: NASA/Jack Hathaway

From left, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur pose inside the Astronaut Crew Quarters in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021. NASA SpaceX’s Crew-2 astronauts will have breakfast before suiting up for the mission. Crew-2 is the second regular crew mission of a U.S. commercial spacecraft with astronauts to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. The SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch atop the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A to the space station for a six-month science mission.

NASA astronauts Anne McClain, left, and Megan McArthur listen as NASA, ESA, Roscosmos, and Russian Search and Recovery Forces meet at the Cosmonaut Hotel in Karaganda, Kazakhstan to discuss the readiness for the landing of Expedition 61 crew members Christina Koch of NASA, Alexander Skvortsov of the Russian space agency Roscosmos, and Luca Parmitano of ESA (European Space Agency) Tuesday, Feb. 4, 2020, at the Cosmonaut Hotel in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. Koch will be returning to Earth after logging 328 days in space --- the longest spaceflight in history by a woman --- as a member of Expeditions 59-60-61 on the International Space Station. Skvortsov and Parmitano will be returning after 201 days in space where they served as Expedition 60-61 crew members onboard the station. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

From left, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide share a laugh inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. The four astronauts will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

SpaceX CEO and founder Elon Musk and NASA acting administrator Steve Jurczyk visit with from left, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. The four astronauts will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

NASA SpaceX’s Crew-2 astronauts say goodbye to their families outside of the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021. NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide will then board two Tesla vehicles for the trip to Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A. Crew-2 is the second regular crew mission of a U.S. commercial spacecraft with astronauts to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. The SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch atop the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Pad 39A to the space station for a six-month science mission.

NASA SpaceX’s Crew-2 astronauts say goodbye to their families outside of the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021. NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide will then board two Tesla vehicles for the trip to Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A. Crew-2 is the second regular crew mission of a U.S. commercial spacecraft with astronauts to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. The SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch atop the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Pad 39A to the space station for a six-month science mission.

From left, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide get ready inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. The four astronauts will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

NASA SpaceX’s Crew-2 astronauts say goodbye to their families outside of the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021. NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide will then board two Tesla vehicles for the trip to Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A. Crew-2 is the second regular crew mission of a U.S. commercial spacecraft with astronauts to the International Space Station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. The SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch atop the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Pad 39A to the space station for a six-month science mission.

Johann-Dietrich Woerner, Director General of the ESA (European Space Agency), during the Heads of Agency press conference at the 70th International Astronautical Congress, Monday, Oct. 21, 2019 at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

Dr Johann-Dietrich Worner, Director General, European Space Agency (ESA), answers questions during a Heads of Agency interactive session with students at the 70th International Astronautical Congress, Monday, Oct. 21, 2019 at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington. Photo credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani)

From left to right, Crew-2 mission astronauts Shane Kimbrough (NASA), Megan McArthur (NASA), Akihiko Hoshide (JAXA), and Thomas Pesquet (ESA), arrive at Kennedy Space Center’s Launch and Landing Facility on April 16, 2021. There to greet the astronauts, from left to right, are: Junichi Sakai, manager, International Space Station Program, JAXA; Frank de Winne, manager, International Space Station Program, ESA; Steve Jurczyk, acting administrator, NASA; and Bob Cabana, Director, Kennedy. The Crew-2 mission is set to lift off from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A on April 22, at 6:11 a.m. EDT.

ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer, right, speaks during a meeting with NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy, second from left, and Federal Government Coordinator of German Aerospace Policy Dr. Anna Christmann, second from right, Thursday, March 7, 2024, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

A patch belonging ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer, left, is seen during a meeting with NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy, center, and Federal Government Coordinator of German Aerospace Policy Dr. Anna Christmann, right, Thursday, March 7, 2024, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy, center, listens as ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer, left, speaks during a meeting with Federal Government Coordinator of German Aerospace Policy Dr. Anna Christmann, right, Thursday, March 7, 2024, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket soars into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket soars into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 soars into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 soars into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough smiles inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. Kimbrough, along with NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

NASA astronaut Megan McArthur smiles inside the crew suit-up room in the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 23, 2021. McArthur, along with NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, will head to the International Space Station on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission. SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavour will launch on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Complex 39A today at 5:49 a.m. EDT.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket soars into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at 5:49 a.m. EDT from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.

A SpaceX Falcon 9 soars into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 23, 2021, carrying the company’s Crew Dragon Endeavour. Onboard the capsule are NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough, spacecraft commander; NASA astronaut Megan McArthur, pilot; ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, mission specialist; and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, mission specialist. NASA’s SpaceX Crew-2 mission crew will dock to the Harmony module’s forward-facing international docking adapter of the International Space Station on Saturday, April 24, at 5:10 a.m.