A close-up of the rectangular rock called "Flat Top" from NASA's Mars Pathfinder (MPF) rover Sojourner in July, 1997.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00626
Flat Top
This color image shows the Sojourner rover's Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) deployed against the rock "Moe" on the morning of Sol 65. The rock behind the rover is "Half Dome," which was previously measured by the APXS.   Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.   http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00967
Sojourner at "Moe" - Color
This false color composite image from the Pathfinder lander shows the rock "Shark" at upper right (Shark is about 0.69 m wide, 0.40 m high, and 6.4 m from the lander). The rock looks like a conglomerate in Sojourner rover images, but only the large elements of its surface textures can be seen here. This demonstrates the usefulness of having a robot rover geologist able to examine rocks up close.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00986
"Shark"
This is an image from the super-pan sequence. Of importance are some of the features around the rock nicknamed Barnacle Bill in the left foreground. The rock shows a "streamlined tail" composed of particles deposited by wind on the leeward (downwind) side of the rock. Also seen is a "moat" around the opposite (windward) side of the rock where either erosion (or non-deposition) of fine sediment has occurred. Mars Pathfinder scientist believe that the wind blowing over and around rocks like Barnacle Bill creates an airflow pattern wherein a buffer zone is formed immediately upwind of the rock and airflow patterns keep sediment from being deposited directly upwind of Barnacle Bill. On the downwind side, however, the airflow is complex and a small wake and tapered "dead air zone" form. Sediment can be deposited within this region, the shape of the formed deposit corresponds to the airflow patterns that exist behind the rock. Similar features have been observed at the Viking landing sites, and are thought to form under high wind conditions during the autumn and winter seasons in the northern hemisphere. This image mosaic was processed by the U.S. Geological Survey in support of the NASA/JPL Mars Pathfinder Mars Mission.  Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00982
"Barnacle Bill" and Surrounding from Super-Pan
This false color composite image of the Rock Garden shows the rocks "Shark" and "Half Dome" at upper left and middle, respectively. Between these two large rocks is a smaller rock (about 0.20 m wide, 0.10 m high, and 6.33 m from the Lander) that was observed close-up with the Sojourner rover (see PIA00989).  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00987
"Rock Garden"
This enhanced color image of the Pathfinder landing site shows the eastern horizon. The elongated, reddish, low contrast region in the distance is "Roadrunner Flats." This image was taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP).   Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.   http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00979
"Roadrunner Flats"
Soil Disturbance by Airbags
Soil Disturbance by Airbags
Forward Ramp Within 360-degree Panorama
Forward Ramp Within 360-degree Panorama
Deflated Airbags & Terrain
Deflated Airbags & Terrain
Super Resolution View of Mini-Matterhorn
Super Resolution View of Mini-Matterhorn
Sojourner Rover Tracks in Compressible Soil
Sojourner Rover Tracks in Compressible Soil
Large boulders are visible in this enlargement of pictures taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) lander camera on July 4, 1997. The landing site is in the dry flood channel named Ares Valles. The boulders probably represent deposits from one of the catastrophic floods that carved the ancient channel. Between the rocks is brownish windblown soil. The gray-tan sky results from dust particles in the atmosphere.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00609
Large Boulders at Landing Site
Pathfinder Rover Atop Mermaid
Pathfinder Rover Atop Mermaid
One of Sojourner's two front cameras took this image of the Sagan Memorial Station on Sol 6. The lander and its deployed rear ramp are at upper left, while several large rocks appear at center. Sojourner was near the large rock Yogi when this image was taken. Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00673
A Rover-eye view of the Lander
Sojourner near Chimp - Right Eye
Sojourner near Chimp - Right Eye
This anaglyph view of Flute Top was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Flute Top in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
This view of Bookshelf Two was produced by combining the Super Panorama frames from the IMP camera from NASA Mars Pathfinder lander. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Bookshelf Two in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
This anaglyph view of Wedge was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Wedge in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
Close-up of Moe - Left Eye
Close-up of Moe - Left Eye
Rover Camera Mosaic of Lander & Wedge
Rover Camera Mosaic of Lander & Wedge
"Barnacle Bill" is a small rock immediately west-northwest of the Mars Pathfinder lander and was the first rock visited by the Sojourner Rover's alpha proton X-ray spectrometer (APXS) instrument. This image shows super resolution techniques applied to the first APXS target rock, which was never imaged with the rover's forward cameras. Super resolution was applied to help to address questions about the texture of this rock and what it might tell us about its mode of origin.  This view of Barnacle Bill was produced by combining the "Super Panorama" frames from the IMP camera. Super resolution was applied to help to address questions about the texture of these rocks and what it might tell us about their mode of origin. The composite color frames that make up this anaglyph were produced for both the right and left eye of the IMP. The composites consist of 7 frames in the right eye and 8 frames in the left eye, taken with different color filters that were enlarged by 500% and then co-added using Adobe Photoshop to produce, in effect, a super-resolution panchromatic frame that is sharper than an individual frame would be. These panchromatic frames were then colorized with the red, green, and blue filtered images from the same sequence. The color balance was adjusted to approximate the true color of Mars.  The anaglyph view was produced by combining the left with the right eye color composite frames by assigning the left eye composite view to the red color plane and the right eye composite view to the green and blue color planes (cyan), to produce a stereo anaglyph mosaic. This mosaic can be viewed in 3-D on your computer monitor or in color print form by wearing red-blue 3-D glasses.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01409
Barnacle Bill in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
Sojourner Farthest Journey - Right Eye
Sojourner Farthest Journey - Right Eye
360-degree Color Panorama
360-degree Color Panorama
Six Wheels on the Soil
Six Wheels on the Soil
ASI/MET
ASI/MET
Rocky Terrain & Airbags
Rocky Terrain & Airbags
Martian terrain near Pathfinder
Martian terrain near Pathfinder
This is a more recent geometrically improved, color enhanced version of the 360-degree Gallery Pan, the first contiguous, uniform panorama taken by the Imager for Mars IMP over the course of Sols 8, 9, and 10.
Improved MPF 360-degree Color Panorama
Mosaic of Mermaid
Mosaic of Mermaid
The interior of Mars is simply modeled as a core and mantle with a thin crust, similar to Earth. Mars' size and total mass have been determined by previous missions. Given four parameters, the core size and mass, and mantle size and mass can be determined. The combination of Pathfinder Doppler data with earlier data from the Viking landers has determined a third parameter, the moment of inertia, through measurement of Mars' precession rate. A fourth measurement is needed to complete the interior model. This may be achieved through future Doppler tracking of Pathfinder, since the presence of a fluid core may be detectable through its effect on Mars' nutation. The determination of the moment of inertia is a significant constraint on possible models for Mars' interior. If the core is as dense as possible (i.e. completely iron) and the mantle is similar to Earth's (or similar to the SNC meteorites thought to originate on Mars) then the minimum core radius is about 1300 km. If the core is made of less-dense material (i.e. a mixture of iron and sulfur) then the core radius is probably no more than 2000 km.  Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.   http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00974
Schematic of Mars Interior
Rover Panorama from Sols 75 & 76
Rover Panorama from Sols 75 & 76
Overhead View of Pathfinder Landing Site
Overhead View of Pathfinder Landing Site
Rover Wheel & Tracks - Color
Rover Wheel & Tracks - Color
Mars Pathfinder Landing Site
Mars Pathfinder Landing Site
The Mars Pathfinder Rover Sojourner images by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder as it nears the rock "Wedge." Part of the Rock Garden is visible in the upper right of the image.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04318
Sojourner Sits Near "Rock Garden"
Northeast View in 360-degree Panorama
Northeast View in 360-degree Panorama
Rover Soil Experiments Near Casper & Shaggy
Rover Soil Experiments Near Casper & Shaggy
Forward Ramp Deploy
Forward Ramp Deploy
This anaglyph view of Ender, due south of the lander, was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Ender as Viewed by the Rover
Sojourner Within Color-Enhanced Panorama
Sojourner Within Color-Enhanced Panorama
NASA Mars Pathfinder forward rover ramp can be seen successfully unfurled in this image, taken in stereo by the Imager camera. The large rock dubbed Wedge is at lower right. 3-D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Martian Terrain & Wedge in 3-D
Pebbles, Cobbles, and Sockets
Pebbles, Cobbles, and Sockets
Mosaic of Wedge, Shark, Half-Dome, Moe and Flat
Mosaic of Wedge, Shark, Half-Dome, Moe and Flat
Sojourner Rover Behind Chimp - Right Eye
Sojourner Rover Behind Chimp - Right Eye
Sojourner First Images From Mars
Sojourner First Images From Mars
These are more wispy blue clouds from Sol 39 as seen by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder. The bright clouds near the bottom are about 30 degrees above the horizon. The clouds are believed to be at an altitude of 10 to 15 km, and are thought to be made of small water ice particles. The picture was taken about 35 minutes before sunrise.  Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.   http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00919
Pre-Dawn Clouds Over Mars
Birdseye View of Pathfinder Landing Site
Birdseye View of Pathfinder Landing Site
Jenkins
Jenkins
Next Target for Rover
Next Target for Rover
This figure shows the signature of a dust devil that passed over the Pathfinder Lander on Sol 25. Since then we have seen several similar features. The black line shows surface pressure plotted over a period of approximately two minutes. The sharp minimum approximately 0.5% below the background pressure is very clear. The dashed curves show raw data from two hot wire wind sensor elements (Blue = Wind Sensor 4 = East Wind, Red = Wind Sensor 1 = West Wind). When the wind blows directly on an element it cools. It is clear from the figure that the East wind increases suddenly as the dust devil approaches the lander and the pressure begins to fall. As the dust devil passes over the lander, pressure begins to rise, the East wind dies away and the West wind increases suddenly. Finally as the dust devil moves away, pressure returns to normal and the West wind dies away. This is a textbook dust-devil signature.  http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00900
Dust Devil - Sol 25
Coordinate Map of Rocks at Pathfinder Landing Site
Coordinate Map of Rocks at Pathfinder Landing Site
Pathfinder Landers - In Test and On Mars
Pathfinder Landers - In Test and On Mars
Twin Peaks
Twin Peaks
Flat
Flat
This anaglyph view of Ender, due south of the lander, was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Ender in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
Twin Peaks are modest-size hills to the southwest of NASA Mars Pathfinder landing site. They were discovered on the first panoramas taken by the IMP camera on the 4th of July, 1997. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
The Twin Peaks in 3-D, as Viewed by the Mars Pathfinder IMP Camera
NASA Mars Pathfinder forward rover ramp can be seen successfully unfurled in this image, taken in stereo by the Imager camera. 3-D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Forward Ramp in 3-D
Big Crater as Viewed by Pathfinder Lander
Big Crater as Viewed by Pathfinder Lander
Lander and Mini
Lander and Mini
Sojourner Farthest Journey - Left Eye
Sojourner Farthest Journey - Left Eye
ASI/MET Within Color-Enhanced Panorama
ASI/MET Within Color-Enhanced Panorama
This view of Boo Boo was produced by combining the Super Panorama frames from the IMP camera from NASA Mars Pathfinder lander. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Boo Boo in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
This anaglyph view of Souffle, to the left of Yogi, was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Souffle as Viewed by the Rover
Orientation of Windtails at Pathfinder Landing Site
Orientation of Windtails at Pathfinder Landing Site
Sojourner Latch Spring Deployed
Sojourner Latch Spring Deployed
Close-up of Moe - Right Eye
Close-up of Moe - Right Eye
Sojourner near Chimp - Left Eye
Sojourner near Chimp - Left Eye
The two hills in the distance in this stereo image from NASA Mars Pathfinder have been dubbed the Twin Peaks. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Lander Petal & Twin Peaks - 3-D
The large, elongated rock left of center in the middle distance is Zaphod is seen in this image from NASA Mars Pathfinder. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Northeast View from Pathfinder Lander - Anaglyph
Close-up view of Chimp
Close-up view of Chimp
Sojourner near Barnacle
Sojourner near Barnacle
Many prominent rocks near the Sagan Memorial Station are featured in this image, from NASA Mars Pathfinder. Wedge is at lower left; Shark, Half-Dome, and Pumpkin are at center. 3-D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Sojourner Favorite Rocks - in 3-D
This image of the rock "Flat Top" was taken from the left of the Sojourner rover's front cameras on Sol 42. Pits on the edge of the rock and a fluted surface are clearly visible. The rocks in the left background comprise the Rock Garden.  Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01554
PIA01554
This anaglyph view of Chimp, south southwest of the lander, was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Chimp as Viewed by Rover
Martian Soil Color Variations
Martian Soil Color Variations
Pooh
Pooh
The Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Meteorology Package ASI/MET is the mast and windsocks at the center of this stereo image from NASA Mars Pathfinder. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
ASI/MET - 3-D
North View from Sojourner - Left Eye
North View from Sojourner - Left Eye
Cabbage
Cabbage
Sunset on Mars from Pathfinder Images
Sunset on Mars from Pathfinder Images
ASI/MET Mast
ASI/MET Mast
Multispectral Slice of APXS
Multispectral Slice of APXS
Half
Half
Wispy Blue Clouds Over Mars
Wispy Blue Clouds Over Mars
Sojourner Rover Leaving the Rock
Sojourner Rover Leaving the Rock
Standard Raw View of Mini-Matterhorn
Standard Raw View of Mini-Matterhorn
New 360-degree Color Gallery Panorama
New 360-degree Color Gallery Panorama
This anaglyph view of Chimp, south southwest of the lander, was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Chimp in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
Sojourner Success Image
Sojourner Success Image
This anaglyph view of Flat Top, due south of the lander, was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Flat Top as Viewed by the Rover
Dust Wind Tails Around Rocks
Dust Wind Tails Around Rocks
Wedge and Flat Top
Wedge and Flat Top
This area of terrain near the Sagan Memorial Station was taken by NASA Mars Pathfinder. The curved rock dubbed Couch. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Couch & Martian Terrain - 3-D
Close-up of Deflated Airbag
Close-up of Deflated Airbag
This anaglyph view of Grommit was produced by NASA Mars Pathfinder Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Grommit in Super Resolution from Super Panorama
Twin Peaks B/W
Twin Peaks B/W
Yogi the Rock
Yogi the Rock
The Mini Matterhorn is a 3/4 meter rock immediately east-southeast of NASA Mars Pathfinder lander. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
Super Resolution Anaglyph of Mini-Matterhorn
Rover Soil Experiments Near Yogi
Rover Soil Experiments Near Yogi
Sojourner Doing a Wheelie on Wedge - Right Eye
Sojourner Doing a Wheelie on Wedge - Right Eye