Image of Surveyor 1 shadow against the lunar surface in the late lunar afternoon, with the horizon at the upper right. Surveyor 1, the first of the Surveyor missions to make a successful soft landing, proved the spacecraft design and landing technique

An artist concept of NASA Mars Global Surveyor MGS flying over Mars.

Surveyor 5 image of the footpad resting in the lunar soil. The trench at right was formed by the footpad sliding during landing. Surveyor 5 landed on the Moon on 11 September 1967 at 1.41 N, 23.18E in Mare Tranquillitatis.

Photomosaic of lunar panorama near the Tycho crater taken by Surveyor 7. The hills on the center horizon are about eight miles away from the spacecraft.

Derived Topographic Model from Mars Global Surveyor Instruments

Mars Global Surveyor MOC Celebrates 2 Years in Orbit!

Mariner 4 Meets Mars Global Surveyor -- Mariner Crater 1965 and 1999

Derived Topographic Model from Mars Global Surveyor Instruments

In this illustration showing NEO Surveyor, NASA's next-generation near-Earth object hunter, the spacecraft floats in an infrared starfield containing stars, star clusters, gas, and dust. More than 100 asteroids can be seen as red dots, with some of them visible in a track that shows how they were captured at different times as they marched across the sky. This starfield was observed by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, during its primary all-sky survey in March 2010 before it was put into hibernation a year later. In December 2013, the space telescope was reactivated to search for more asteroids as the NEOWISE mission. NASA's NEO Surveyor will build upon the successes of NEOWISE as the first space mission built specifically to find large numbers of hazardous asteroids and comets. The space telescope will launch to a region of gravitational stability between the Earth and the Sun called the L1 Lagrange point, where the spacecraft will orbit during its five-year primary mission. From this location, the space telescope will view the solar system in infrared wavelengths &ndash light that is invisible to the human eye. Because those wavelengths are mostly blocked by Earth's atmosphere, larger ground-based observatories may miss near-Earth objects that NEO Surveyor will be able to spot from space by using its modest light-collecting aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters). NEO Surveyor's cutting-edge detectors are designed to observe two heat-sensitive infrared bands that were chosen specifically so the spacecraft can track the most challenging-to-find near-Earth objects, such as dark asteroids and comets that don't reflect much visible light. In the infrared wavelengths to which NEO Surveyor is sensitive, these objects glow as they are heated by sunlight. In addition, NEO Surveyor will be able to find asteroids that approach Earth from the direction of the Sun, as well as those that lead and trail our planet's orbit, where they are typically obscured by the glare of sunlight – objects known as Earth Trojans. The mission is tasked by NASA's Planetary Science Division within the Science Mission Directorate; program oversight is provided by the PDCO, which was established in 2016 to manage the agency's ongoing efforts in planetary defense. NASA's Planetary Missions Program Office at Marshall Space Flight Center provides program management for NEO Surveyor. The project is being developed by JPL and is led by survey director Amy Mainzer at the University of Arizona. Established aerospace and engineering companies have been contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation, including Ball Aerospace , Space Dynamics Laboratory, and Teledyne. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder will support operations, and IPAC-Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for processing survey data and producing the mission's data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA25253

Surveyor 5 sitting in a 10-meter diameter crater. Surveyor 5 landed on Mare Tranquillitatis in September of 1967. This image was taken by NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

The sunshade for NASA’s Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission towers above a fixture at supplier Applied Aerospace in Stockton, California, in September 2025. Standing at over 20 feet (6 meters) high, the sunshade is the largest component of spacecraft. The structure was next shipped to BAE Systems in Boulder, Colorado, for a “fit check” with the spacecraft bus. For scale, technicians and engineers from the project in front of the sunshade. The sunshade’s Sun-facing surface (visible here) will next be fitted with solar panels that will generate power for the spacecraft after launch. The spacecraft’s instrument enclosure, which houses the telescope and sensitive infrared cameras, will be located behind the sunshade, allowing the spacecraft to detect and track near-Earth objects that would otherwise be hidden by the Sun’s glare. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at the University of California, Los Angeles for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems and the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission’s data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. More information about NEO Surveyor is available at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/

An engineer inspects the surface of four mid-wavelength infrared science detectors for NASA’s Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission atop a clean room bench at the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, Utah. Mounted to a sensor chip assembly, the four blue-green-colored detectors are made with mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), a versatile semiconducting alloy that is sensitive to infrared wavelengths. There are two such assemblies that form the heart of NEO Surveyor’s two science cameras. These state-of-the-art cameras sense solar heat re-radiated by near-Earth objects. The mission’s cameras and telescope, which has an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), will be housed inside the spacecraft’s instrument enclosure, a structure that is designed to ensure heat produced by the spacecraft and instrument during operations doesn’t interfere with its infrared observations. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at the University of California, Los Angeles for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems and the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission’s data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. More information about NEO Surveyor is available at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/

Four mid-wavelength infrared science detectors for NASA’s Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission are shown here on a clean room bench at the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, Utah. Mounted to a sensor chip assembly, the four blue-green-colored detectors are made with mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), a versatile semiconducting alloy that is sensitive to infrared wavelengths. There are two such assemblies that form the heart of NEO Surveyor’s two science cameras. These state-of-the-art cameras sense solar heat re-radiated by near-Earth objects. The mission’s cameras and telescope, which has an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), will be housed inside the spacecraft’s instrument enclosure, a structure that is designed to ensure heat produced by the spacecraft and instrument during operations doesn’t interfere with its infrared observations. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at the University of California, Los Angeles for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems and the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission’s data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. More information about NEO Surveyor is available at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/

This artist's concept depicts NASA's Near-Earth Object Surveyor (NEO Surveyor) in deep space. After launch, the spacecraft will travel a million miles to a region of gravitational stability – called the L1 Lagrange point – between Earth and the Sun. From there, its large sunshade will block the glare and heat of sunlight, allowing the mission to discover and track near-Earth objects as they approach Earth from the direction of the Sun, which is difficult for other observatories to do. The black-paneled angular structure in the belly of the spacecraft is the instrument enclosure that is being built at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. The spacecraft's only instrument, its infrared telescope, will be installed inside the enclosure. Fabricated from dark composite material that allows heat to escape, the enclosure will help keep the telescope cool and prevent its own heat from obscuring observations. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26388

The sunshade for NASA’s Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission towers above a fixture at supplier Applied Aerospace in Stockton, California, in September 2025. Standing at over 20 feet (6 meters) high, the sunshade is the largest component of spacecraft. The structure was next shipped to BAE Systems in Boulder, Colorado, for a “fit check” with the spacecraft bus. The sunshade’s Sun-facing surface (visible here) will next be fitted with solar panels that will generate power for the spacecraft after launch. The spacecraft’s instrument enclosure, which houses the telescope and sensitive infrared cameras, will be located behind the sunshade, allowing the spacecraft to detect and track near-Earth objects that would otherwise be hidden by the Sun’s glare. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at the University of California, Los Angeles for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems and the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission’s data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. More information about NEO Surveyor is available at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/

A technician operates articulating equipment to rotate the Near-Earth Object Surveyor (NEO Surveyor) mission's aluminum optical bench – part of the spacecraft's telescope – in a clean room at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California on July 17, 2024. NEO Surveyor's sole instrument is a "three-mirror anastigmat telescope," which will rely on a set of curved mirrors to focus light onto its infrared detectors in such a way that minimizes optical aberrations. When complete, the telescope will be housed inside an instrument enclosure – being built in a different JPL clean room – that is fabricated from dark composite material that allows heat to escape, helping to keep the telescope cool and prevent its own heat from obscuring observations. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26387

Mars Global Surveyor View of Gusev Crater During Spirit Entry, Descent, and Landing

Procedure for Finding New Impact Sites on Mars Using the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera

This picture of the European Space Agency Mars Express spacecraft by the Mars Orbiter Camera on NASA Mars Global Surveyor is from the first successful imaging of any spacecraft orbiting Mars taken by another spacecraft orbiting Mars.

This view is an enlargement of an image of NASA Mars Odyssey spacecraft taken by the Mars Orbiter Camera aboard NASA Mars Global Surveyor while the two spacecraft were about 90 kilometers 56 miles apart.

The instrument enclosure for NASA's Near-Earth Object Surveyor is prepared for environmental testing inside the historic Chamber A in the Space Environment Simulation Laboratory at the agency's Johnson Space Center in Houston in December 2024. Mounted to its articulating platform, on which it was securely positioned during assembly, the 12-foot-long (3.7-meter-long) angular structure was inspected by technicians before being placed inside the testing chamber. Figure A shows the reflective side of the instrument enclosure as it was rotated on the assembly dolly before being transferred to a testing platform. The cavernous opening to Chamber A is in the background. The instrument enclosure is designed to protect the spacecraft's infrared telescope while also removing heat from it during operations. After environmental testing was completed, the enclosure returned to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for further work, after which it will ship to the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, Utah, and be joined to the telescope. Both the instrument enclosure and telescope were assembled at JPL. As NASA's first space-based detection mission specifically designed for planetary defense, NEO Surveyor will seek out, measure, and characterize the hardest-to-find asteroids and comets that might pose a hazard to Earth. While many near-Earth objects don't reflect much visible light, they glow brightly in infrared light due to heating by the Sun. The spacecraft's telescope, which has an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), features detectors sensitive to two infrared wavelengths in which near-Earth objects re-radiate solar heat. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Prof. Amy Mainzer at UCLA for NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by JPL for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems, SDL, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and Caltech/IPAC in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission's data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26582

The instrument enclosure of NASA's Near-Earth Object Surveyor is prepared for critical environmental tests inside the historic Chamber A at the Space Environment Simulation Laboratory at the agency's Johnson Space Center in Houston in December 2024. Wrapped in silver thermal blanketing, the 12-foot-long (3.7-meter-long) angular structure was subjected to the frigid, airless conditions that the spacecraft will experience when in deep space. The cavernous thermal-vacuum test facility is famous for testing the Apollo spacecraft that traveled to the Moon in the 1960s and '70s. The instrument enclosure is designed to protect the spacecraft's infrared telescope while also removing heat from it during operations. After environmental testing was completed, the enclosure returned to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for further work, after which it will ship to the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, Utah, and be joined to the telescope. Both the instrument enclosure and telescope were assembled at JPL. As NASA's first space-based detection mission specifically designed for planetary defense, NEO Surveyor will seek out, measure, and characterize the hardest-to-find asteroids and comets that might pose a hazard to Earth. While many near-Earth objects don't reflect much visible light, they glow brightly in infrared light due to heating by the Sun. The spacecraft's telescope, which has an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), features detectors sensitive to two infrared wavelengths in which near-Earth objects re-radiate solar heat. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Prof. Amy Mainzer at UCLA for NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by JPL for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems, SDL, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and Caltech/IPAC in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission's data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26583

A mirror set to be installed inside the telescope for NASA's Near-Earth Object Surveyor (NEO Surveyor) is seen during an inspection of the mirror's surface at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California on July 17, 2024. Being built in a JPL clean room, the infrared telescope is the spacecraft's only instrument and it will be used to seek out some of the hardest-to-find near-Earth objects that may pose a hazard to our planet. The reflection of principal optical engineer Brian Monacelli can be seen in the mirror. Known as a "three-mirror anastigmat telescope," the instrument will rely on a set of curved mirrors to focus light onto its infrared detectors in such a way that minimizes optical aberrations. Before being installed, the mirrors were examined for any debris or damage. Then, JPL's team of optomechanical technicians and engineers attached the mirrors to the telescope's "optical bench" in August. Next, they will measure the telescope's performance and align the telescope's mirrors. When complete, the telescope will be housed inside an instrument enclosure – being built at JPL in a different clean room – that is fabricated from dark composite material that allows heat to escape, helping to keep the telescope cool and prevent its own heat from obscuring observations. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26386

Surveyor 6 casting 18-meter long shadow with Sun just 8° above the horizon. Surveyor 6 Landed 10 November 1967 in Sinus Medii. This image was taken by NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

The instrument enclosure for NASA's Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor on May 22, 2025, is seen in a clean room at the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, Utah, shortly after arriving from the agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, where it was assembled. The instrument enclosure is attached to an articulating assembly dolly and wrapped in silver-colored material (composed of a metalized polyester film and a low charging polyethylene laminate) to protect the flight hardware from static electricity and dust particles during transport. The instrument enclosure will house the observatory's scientific instrument, which includes a three-reflection aluminum telescope, state-of-the-art infrared detectors, and an innovative passive cooling system to keep the instrument at cryogenic temperatures. The telescope, which has an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), features detectors sensitive to two infrared wavelengths in which near-Earth objects re-radiate solar heat. The instrument enclosure is designed to ensure heat produced by the spacecraft and instrument during operations doesn't interfere with its infrared observations. As NASA's first space-based detection mission specifically designed for planetary defense, NEO Surveyor will seek out, measure, and characterize the hardest-to-find asteroids and comets that might pose a hazard to Earth. While many near-Earth objects don't reflect much visible light, they glow brightly in infrared light due to heating by the Sun. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at UCLA for NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by JPL for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems, SDL, and are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission's data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26589

Technicians and engineers inspect NASA's Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor's instrument enclosure at the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, Utah, after it arrived from the agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California in May 2025. The instrument enclosure will house the spacecraft's telescope, which is fitted with state-of-the-art detectors and a novel cryogenic system to keep the instrument cool. The telescope, which has an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), features detectors sensitive to two infrared wavelengths in which near-Earth objects re-radiate solar heat. The instrument enclosure is designed to ensure heat produced by the telescope during operations doesn't interfere with its observations. As NASA's first space-based detection mission specifically designed for planetary defense, NEO Surveyor will seek out, measure, and characterize the hardest-to-find asteroids and comets that might pose a hazard to Earth. While many near-Earth objects don't reflect much visible light, they glow brightly in infrared light due to heating by the Sun. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at UCLA for NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by JPL for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems, SDL, and are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission's data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26590

After arriving at the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, Utah, from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California in May 2025, the instrument enclosure for the agency's Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission was inspected prior to thermal vacuum testing. Shown here, the enclosure stands vertically atop an articulating assembly dolly. The shiny and black surfaces of the enclosure optimize the reflection and radiation properties of the structure. The telescope, which has an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), features detectors sensitive to two infrared wavelengths in which near-Earth objects re-radiate solar heat. The instrument enclosure is designed to ensure heat produced by the telescope during operations doesn't interfere with its observations. As NASA's first space-based detection mission specifically designed for planetary defense, NEO Surveyor will seek out, measure, and characterize the hardest-to-find asteroids and comets that might pose a hazard to Earth. While many near-Earth objects don't reflect much visible light, they glow brightly in infrared light due to heating by the Sun. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at UCLA for NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by JPL for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems, SDL, and are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission's data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26597

A truck arrives at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California on June 3, 2024, to deliver the Medium Articulating Transportation System (MATS), which will be used during the construction and transportation of components for NASA's Near-Earth Object Surveyor mission. Originating at the aerospace company Beyond Gravity in Vienna, Austria, the MATS traveled via ship through the Panama Canal to Port Hueneme, California, before arriving by road at JPL. Construction has begun on NEO Surveyor's instrument enclosure in the High Bay 1 clean room at JPL's Spacecraft Assembly Facility. When the enclosure is complete later this year, it will be moved inside the MATS to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston for environmental testing. The MATS is a transportable clean room with its own filtration and climate control systems that keep the spacecraft and components clean, stable, and safe while being moved between facilities. NEO Surveyor's instrument enclosure contains the spacecraft's telescope, mirrors, and infrared sensors that will be used to detect, track, and characterize the most hazardous near-Earth objects. BAE Systems, Space Dynamics Laboratory, and Teledyne are among the aerospace and engineering companies contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for processing survey data and producing the mission's data products. JPL manages the project; Caltech manages JPL for NASA. Launching no earlier than 2027, NEO Surveyor supports the objectives of NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The NASA Authorization Act of 2005 directed NASA to discover and characterize at least 90% of the near-Earth objects more than 140 meters (460 feet) across that come within 30 million miles (48 million kilometers) of our planet's orbit. Objects of this size can cause significant regional damage, or worse, should they impact the Earth. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26381

At NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, on June 7, 2024, clean room technicians use a crane to lift the lid of the Medium Articulating Transportation System (MATS) that will be used during the construction and transportation of components for NASA's Near-Earth Object Surveyor mission. Inside the MATS is the Medium Articulating Assembly Dolly (MAAD), a platform that will support the spacecraft's instrument enclosure, which is being constructed inside the High Bay 1 clean room at JPL's Spacecraft Assembly Facility. The MAAD is an articulating platform on which a spacecraft (or spacecraft components) can be mounted securely and positioned as required during assembly. It can tilt a spacecraft vertically and horizontally, rotating it 360 degrees. JPL plans to use the MAAD for future missions to reduce the number of crane lifts during assembly, test, and launch operations, known as ATLO. NEO Surveyor is the first mission to use the platform. NEO Surveyor's instrument enclosure contains the spacecraft's telescope, mirrors, and infrared sensors that will be used to detect, track, and characterize the most hazardous near-Earth objects. BAE Systems, Space Dynamics Laboratory, and Teledyne are among the aerospace and engineering companies contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for processing survey data and producing the mission's data products. JPL manages the project; Caltech manages JPL for NASA. Launching no earlier than 2027, NEO Surveyor supports the objectives of NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The NASA Authorization Act of 2005 directed NASA to discover and characterize at least 90% of the near-Earth objects more than 140 meters (460 feet) across that come within 30 million miles (48 million kilometers) of our planet's orbit. Objects of this size can cause significant regional damage, or worse, should they impact the Earth. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26382

The aluminum telescope of NASA’s Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission is shown here attached its flight base frame at a Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) clean room in Logan, Utah, in early September 2025. The telescope is connected via a system of struts that prevent heat from passing from the spacecraft to the instrument, keeping it secure, isolated, and cool. The spacecraft’s instrument enclosure will later be fitted over the instrumentation and then the pair will be attached to the spacecraft bus and sunshade. With an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), the telescope features detectors sensitive to two infrared wavelengths in which near-Earth objects re-radiate solar heat. The instrument enclosure is designed to ensure heat produced by the spacecraft and instrument during operations doesn’t interfere with its infrared observations. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at the University of California, Los Angeles for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems and the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission’s data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. More information about NEO Surveyor is available at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/

Engineers with NASA’s Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission work in a Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) clean room in Logan, Utah, to attach the spacecraft’s aluminum telescope to the flight base frame in early September 2025. The telescope is connected via a system of struts that prevent heat from passing from the spacecraft to the instrument, keeping it secure, isolated, and cool. With an aperture of nearly 20 inches (50 centimeters), the telescope features detectors sensitive to two infrared wavelengths in which near-Earth objects re-radiate solar heat. The instrument enclosure is designed to ensure heat produced by the spacecraft and instrument during operations doesn’t interfere with its infrared observations. Targeting launch in late 2027, the NEO Surveyor mission is led by Professor Amy Mainzer at the University of California, Los Angeles for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and is being managed by the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California for the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. BAE Systems and the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah, and Teledyne are among the companies that were contracted to build the spacecraft and its instrumentation. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder will support operations, and IPAC at Caltech in Pasadena, California, is responsible for producing some of the mission’s data products. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. More information about NEO Surveyor is available at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neo-surveyor/

The dark, bulky instrument enclosure for NASA's NEO Surveyor is seen here (left) in the High Bay 1 clean room of the Spacecraft Assembly Facility at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California in March 2025. A major component of the mission, the instrument enclosure journeyed back to JPL in early March after completing environmental testing at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. The gold-coated, circular antenna at right is part of the telescope for NASA's ASTHROS (Astrophysics Stratospheric Telescope for High Spectral Resolution Observations at Submillimeter-wavelengths), an atmospheric balloon mission; it has been in the clean room since December 2024. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA26584

This stereoscopic picture of NASA Mars Odyssey spacecraft was created from two views of that spacecraft taken by the Mars Orbiter Camera on NASA Mars Global Surveyor. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

AS12-48-7121 (20 Nov. 1969) --- An excellent view of the unmanned Surveyor 3 spacecraft which was photographed during the Apollo 12 second extravehicular activity (EVA) on the surface of the moon. The Apollo 12 Lunar Module (LM), with astronauts Charles Conrad Jr., commander, and Alan L. Bean, lunar module pilot, aboard landed within 600 feet of Surveyor 3 in the Ocean of Storms. The television camera and several other pieces were taken from Surveyor 3 and brought back to Earth for scientific examination. Surveyor 3 landed on the side of this small crater in the Ocean of Storms on April 19, 1967. Astronaut Richard F. Gordon Jr., command module pilot, remained with the Apollo 12 Command and Service Modules (CSM) in lunar orbit while Conrad and Bean descended to explore the moon.

This image is the first view of Mars taken by the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter Camera (MOC). It was acquired the afternoon of July 2, 1997 when the MGS spacecraft was 17.2 million kilometers (10.7 million miles) and 72 days from encounter. At this distance, the MOC's resolution is about 64 km per picture element, and the 6800 km (4200 mile) diameter planet is 105 pixels across. The observation was designed to show the Mars Pathfinder landing site at 19.4 N, 33.1 W approximately 48 hours prior to landing. The image shows the north polar cap of Mars at the top of the image, the dark feature Acidalia Planitia in the center with the brighter Chryse plain immediately beneath it, and the highland areas along the Martian equator including the canyons of the Valles Marineris (which are bright in this image owing to atmospheric dust). The dark features Terra Meridiani and Terra Sabaea can be seen at the 4 o`clock position, and the south polar hood (atmospheric fog and hazes) can be seen at the bottom of the image. Launched on November 7, 1996, Mars Global Surveyor will enter Mars orbit on Thursday, September 11 shortly after 6:00 PM PDT. After Mars Orbit Insertion, the spacecraft will use atmospheric drag to reduce the size of its orbit, achieving a circular orbit only 400 km (248 mi) above the surface in early March 1998, when mapping operations will begin. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00606

Hubble Watches the Red Planet as Mars Global Surveyor Begins Aerobraking

This anaglyph from Mars Global Surveyor MGS shows layers in Galle Crater. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

This image was taken by NASA Mars Global Surveyor Cydonia region on Mars. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

A comparison of images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field/Planetary Camera (HST/WFPC) and the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter Camera (MGS/MOC) shows the progress of a regional dust storm within the Valles Marineris canyons on Mars. The first HST image (left), taken in mid-May, shows no dust within the canyons. The most recent HST image (center), taken on 27 June in support of the Mars Pathfinder landing activities, shows a dust storm filling part of the canyon system and extending into the chaotic terrains at the eastern end of the canyons. The MGS/MOC image (right), acquired on July 2, shows that bright dust continues to fill the valleys. However, it does not appear to have moved significantly north of the previously observed position, suggesting that the storm remains confined to the canyon region, and does not appear to directly threaten the Pathfinder landing site (small black circle). The HST images shown here have been reduced in scale to match that of the MGS/MOC image. Although the HST is 10 times farther from Mars than MGS, its images are sharper because its resolving power is 15 times better than the MOC, and the light gathering area is almost 50 times greater. However, MGS is presently 45,000 times farther from Mars than it will be when the MOC begins its primary photography mission. At 400 km above the martian surface, the MOC wide angle camera will collect daily images at a resolution of 7.5 km/pixel, compared to HST's best of about 20 km/pixel. The narrow angle camera will observe portions of Mars at better than 1.5 m/pixel. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00607

S69-55553 (October 1969) --- Ryan Aeronautical Company artist's concept depicting a close-up view of Surveyor 3 resting in the Ocean of Storms on the lunar nearside. Two Apollo 12 astronauts are seen approaching in the background. The Apollo 12 Lunar Module (LM) is in the left background. The Earth is in the right background. The inspection of Surveyor 3, which has been resting on the moon since April 1967, is an important objective of the Apollo 12 lunar landing mission. Selected pieces of Surveyor 3 will be brought back to Earth for scientific examination. Ryan landing radar has guided both Surveyor and Apollo spacecraft to soft landings on the moon.

NASA Surveyor 1 spacecraft sitting silently on Oceanus Procellarum, the first US spacecraft to land on another planet on June 2, 1966 in this image taken by NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

jsc2024e067106 (10/15/2024) --- Nematodes to the Rescue! - Space worms as an integral component of space agriculture is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to the ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP). Image courtesy of Canyons School District.

jsc2024e066530 (10/4/2024) --- Creek Valley Elementary School students prepare their experiment, Does Gravity Affect the Germination Growth of Raspberry Seeds, for space. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066517 (10/4/2024) --- Young researchers work on their experiment, Production of Biomedical Purpose Hydrogels in Microgravity, part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066519 (10/7/2024) --- The Comets set up the test tubes for the final trial of their experiment, Effects of Microgravity on Arabidopsis thaliana Seed Germination. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066522 (10/7/2024) --- Moreno Valley Unified School District students explore the effects of microgravity on a popular leafy green. Their experiment, The Effects of Microgravity on Arugula, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

NASA Mars Global Surveyor image shows a suite of south mid-latitude gullies on a crater wall. Gullies such as these may have formed by runoff of liquid water.

This picture is a composite of Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC daily global images acquired at Ls 66° during a previous Mars year

This picture is a composite of Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC daily global images acquired at Ls 79° during a previous Mars year

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows layers and dunes in Chasma Boreale, a large depression in the north polar region.

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows dust plumes created by gusting winds on a plain southwest of Argyre Planitia

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows a complex pattern of intersecting and overlapping troughs in the Olympica Fossae region of northern Tharsis

This anaglyph from NASA Mars Global Surveyor shows eroded, pitted, light-toned layer outcrops in Iani Chaos. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

This anaglyph from NASA Mars Global Surveyor shows a circular feature in northern Terra Meridiani. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows a portion of the stair-stepped, north wall of a crater in Arabia Terra

Two Martian southern mid-latitude craters have new light-toned deposit that formed in gully settings during the course of the Mars Global Surveyor mission.

This image of the vicinity of the Viking Lander 1 was captured by NASA Mars Global Surveyor MOC camera. site. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows layered buttes, knobs, and other landforms exposed by erosion in the Aeolis region of Mars

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows dark streaks created by dust devils on a plain southwest of Hellas Planitia

This picture is a composite of Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC daily global images acquired at Ls 12° during a previous Mars year

Color coding in this image of Mars represents differences in elevation, measured by NASA Mars Global Surveyor. While surface liquid water is rare and ephermal on modern Mars.

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows an eroded stack of layered material in a crater of the south polar region of Mars

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows a spectacular summertime view of a portion of the south polar residual cap

This Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC image shows a channel extending northward from the Elysium Mons caldera at the volcano summit

This stereo image mosaic from NASA Mars Global Surveyor is of Mars south polar terrain. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

This anaglyph from NASA Mars Global Surveyor shows dark, blanketed or mantled surfaces in the Sinus Sabaeus region of Mars. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

This stereo image mosaic from NASA Mars Global Surveyor is of Columbia Hills. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.

NASA Mars Odyssey spacecraft appears twice in the same frame in this image from the Mars Orbiter Camera aboard NASA Mars Global Surveyor.

This is an orthographic projection with color-coded elevation contours and shaded relief based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA Mars Global Surveyor orbiter.

jsc2024e066527 (10/4/2024) --- Pinecrest Academy Space Coast students Cameron Winchester, Chase Elden-Moore and Baylen Wreggit experiment on tardigrades extending the efficacy of Hemlibra. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

sc2024e066533 (10/4/2024) --- View of Red Hook High School students Lotta Pflaum, Emmy Nelson- Madore and Ava Hubner. Their experiment, The Effect of Microgravity on the Hatching Rate of Rotifers, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067103 (2/2/2024) --- Martha and Josh Morris Mathematics and Engineering Elementary students Lizzy, Lynnley, Isaac, and Cooper work on ways to calculate the strength of concrete in microgravity. Their experiment, Will Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) Keep its Structure in Microgravity?, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067094 (1/14/2024) --- Kent State University’s co-principal investigators, Mackenzie Guy and Jonathan King from the College of Aeronautics and Engineering, develop their experiment in the Design Lab located in the Aeronautics and Engineering Building. Their experiment, The Effects of Microgravity on Pisum sativum Roots, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066528 (2/8/2024) --- The Pittsfield team examines onion root tips halted mid-mitosis in preparation for their experiment, The Effects of Microgravity on Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells, part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067101 (10/15/2024) --- Plano ISD Academy High School students Nawal, Abhi, and Jacob measure feed for the crickets they are farming. They need to harvest the eggs for their experiment, Growth and Life Cycle of Crickets (Acheta domesticus) in Microgravity for Astronaut Consumption. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066521 (2/8/2024) --- Lamont Community winners work to cultivate knowledge through Spinacia oleracea seed germination research. Their experiment, Effects of Microgravity on Spinacia oleracea, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066526 (10/7/2024) --- Randall Middle School students work to optimize the materials and volumes for testing the growth of Trigonella foenum-graecum in microgravity. Their experiment, Fenugreek and its Nutritional Value in Microgravity, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067098 (10/15/2024) --- James Martin High School students Kaleb Kim, Camilo Henao, Grant Hester, Ethan Chen and Sophia Lin Ochoa streamline germination parameters for their experiment, Germination of Pisum sativum in Microgravity. Their experimen is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066523 (1/6/2024) --- Colorado Springs students Noah Grebe, Luke Davis, and Blake MacDonald observe crystal growth.Their experiment, Calcium Sulfate Crystal Growth in Microgravity, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067097 (10/15/2024) --- The Midlands Tech experimental flight team and faculty advisors prepare materials to be autoclaved for the next round of tests. Their experiment, Gravitational Effects on Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Regulation in Edible Greens, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067093 (1/19/2024) --- Ohio University’s Mission 18 Team (Michael Lane, Victoria Swiler and Nathan Smith) examine the growth of Sphingomonas sanguinis, an ISS-derived bacteria. Their experiment, Effect of Spaceflight-Adapted Bacteria on Plant Growth and Resilience in Microgravity, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067102 (10/15/2024) --- The Theodore Roosevelt High School team discusses their trial experiments with chia seeds and potassium acetate. Their experiment, Effects of Microgravity on Chia Seed Growth, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067095 (1/30/2024) --- Pickerington High School North students Macy Erickson and Dorian Hamilton prepard Elodea samples and hydration solution for their research experiment trials. Their experiment, Effects of Microgravity on Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066520 (1/31/2024) --- Glendora High School students test ethanol concentrations to minimize diffusion loss. Their experiment, Cyanobacteria (Trichormus variabilis) Growth in Extreme Conditions of Microgravity, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067096 (15/15/2024) --- Maya Burns and Faith Dunn test a mold to create an agar cylinder for assessment of fungal polyurethane degradation. Their experiment, Effect of Microgravity on the Enzymatic Degradation of Polyurethane by Penicillium chrysogenum, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067100 (1/22/2024) --- The San Jacinto College – South Campus student team prepares a trial run to optimize germination conditions for their experiment, Comparison of Arabidopsis thaliana Germination and Cell Wall Growth in Microgravity versus Standard Conditions. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066531 (10/7/2024) --- Garden City Middle School students Anjali P. Motwani and Tanya Oza work on their experiment, The Effects of Microgravity on Salvia hispanica Seeds. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067099 (10/15/2024) --- Stream Middle School students Cade Sando and Mac McGinnis harvest raspberry seeds to complete additional raspberry seed growth trials to optimize and finalize their experiment, Growth of Raspberry Seeds in Microgravity. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067105 (1/29/2024) --- Eddie Finley Junior High School student researchers (Caris Gray and Olivia Jones) adding tardigrade to the experiment tube to begin terrestrial examination of tardigrade growth. Their experiment, Tardigrade Growth in Space, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066516 (10/4/2024) --- Student researcher Ryan Stewart works to optimize the bacterial growth medium for his experiment, The Impact of Lectins on Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation in Microgravity. The experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066514 (1/19/2024) --- The flight team from Michael Strembitsky School conducts trials on Dugesia flatworms to examine their ability to regenerate and reproduce in microgravity. Their experiment, The Effect of Microgravity on Reproduction of Dugesia tigrina, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066529 (10/7/2024) --- The Pepper Elementary student team utilizes microscopy to investigate Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds while preparing sample experiments to continue research.Their experiment, How Watermelon Germinates in Space Versus on Earth, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066535 (1/31/2024) --- The University of North Dakota Space Beans Crew looks over their data during the first run of their experiment, The Effects of 6-Benzylaminopurine Enriched Soil on the Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris (Black Beans) in Microgravity. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066524 (10/7/2024) --- High Plains School students Maelle Webb, Conor Greene, Aiden Gonzalez, Lee Soyland, and Zachary Collins discuss trial protocols for their experiment, Capsicum annuum Seed Germination in Microgravity. Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066515 (2/1/2024) --- Alma Public School students remove the sample compostable bag from garden soil following a 10-day period to measure the bag to determine the extent of decomposition. Their experiment, Will Soil Bacteria Biodegrade Compostable Plastic in Microgravity?, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066525 (10/7/2024) --- Seventh grade researchers from Randall Middle School work on optimizing their Taraxacum officinale germination experiment, Handy Dandy Dandelions – Germination of Dandelion in Microgravity, for flight.Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066534 (2/2/2024) --- The North Tonawanda High School student team refine their experiment and expand their knowledge on the behavior of bacteria Bacillus Thuringiensis.Their experiment, The Crystallization of the Spores of Bacillus thuringiensis in a Microgravity Environment, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e067104 (10/15/2024) --- Robbie E. Howard Junior High School student researchers (Cadee Smith, Coralee Holloway, Caiden Holmquist, and Levi Blaise Lewis) take measurements and record data for their experiment, How do microgravity and space conditions affect the growth of Cucumber, Cucumbis sativus? Their experiment is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

jsc2024e066532 (2/28/2024) --- View of Long Beach, NY student researchers Katrina Casey, Claire Cristallo and Jasmine Davidson-Smith. Their experiment, The Effect of Microgravity on the Germination of Watercress Seeds, is part of the Nanoracks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Surveyor-Student Spaceflight Experiments Program Mission 18 to ISS (Nanoracks-NCESSE-Surveyor-SSEP).

Ganges Chasma is part of the Valles Marineris trough system that stretches nearly 5,000 kilometers 3,000 miles across the western equatorial region of Mars. This stereo anaglyph is from NASA Mars Global Surveyor. 3D glasses are necessary.