S65-61830 (18 Dec. 1965) --- Astronauts James A. Lovell Jr. (left), Gemini-7 pilot, and Frank Borman, command pilot, are shown just after they arrived aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp. Greeting the astronauts are Donald Stullken (at Lovell's right), Recovery Operations Branch, Landing and Recovery Division, Dr. Howard Minners (standing beside Borman), Flight Medicine Branch, Center Medical Office, Manned Spacecraft Center, and Bennett James (standing behind Borman), a NASA Public Affairs Officer. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Gemini-7 spacecraft splashed down in the western Atlantic recovery area at 9:05 a.m. (EST), Dec. 18, 1965, to conclude a record-breaking 14-day mission in space. Photo credit: NASA

S65-60039 (7 Dec. 1965) --- Christopher C. Kraft Jr. (left), assistant director for Flight Operations, monitors his console in the Mission Control Center during the Gemini-7 spaceflight. Photo credit: NASA

Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. A simulated environment that contributed in a significant way to the success of Apollo project was the Lunar Landing Research Facility, an imposing 250 foot high, 400 foot long gantry structure that became operational in 1965. Published in the book "Space Flight Revolution" NASA SP-4308 pg. 376

S65-63198 (15 Dec. 1965) --- The Gemini-7 spacecraft as seen from the Gemini-6 spacecraft during their rendezvous mission in space. They are approximately 39 feet apart. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

View of Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot for the Gemini-Titan 4 space flight, as he floats in zero gravity of space. The extravehicular activity was performed during the third revolution of the Gemini 4 spacecraft. White is attached to the spacecraft by a 25-ft. umbilical line and a 23-ft. tether line,both wrapped in gold tape to form one cord. In his right hand White carries a Hand-Held Self-Maneuvering Unit (HHSMU). The visor of his helmet is gold plated to protect him from the unfiltered rays of the sun. Photo was taken on June 3,1965. G.E.T. time was 4:45 / GMT time was 20:00. Original magazine number was GEM04-16-34642, taken with a Hasselblad camera and a 70mm lens. Film type was Kodak Ektachrome MS (S.O. -217). The original photo was a color negative. It's image number is S65-34642.

Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. A simulated environment that contributed in a significant way to the success of Apollo project was the Lunar Landing Research Facility, an imposing 250 foot high, 400 foot long gantry structure that became operational in 1965. Published in the book "Space Flight Revolution" NASA SP-4308 pg. 376

S65-30271 (3 June 1965) --- Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot on the Gemini-Titan IV (GT-4) spaceflight, floats in the zero gravity of space outside the Gemini IV spacecraft. His face is covered by a shaded visor to protect him from the unfiltered rays of the sun. White became the first American astronaut to walk in space. He remained outside the spacecraft for 21 minutes during the third revolution of the Gemini IV mission. He wears a specially designed spacesuit for the EVA. His right hand (out of frame) is holding the Hand-Held Self-Maneuvering Unit (HHSMU), with which he controlled his movements while in space, and a camera is attached to the HHSMU. He was attached to the spacecraft by a 25-feet umbilical line and a 23-feet tether line, both wrapped together with gold tape to form one cord. He wears an emergency oxygen supply check pack. Astronaut James A. McDivitt is command pilot for the GT-4 mission. The mission was a four-day, 62-revolution flight, during which McDivitt and White performed a series of scientific and engineering experiments. (This image is black and white) Photo credit: NASA EDITOR?S NOTE: Astronaut Edward H. White II died in the Apollo/Saturn 204 fire at Cape Kennedy, Florida, on Jan. 27, 1967.

Two technicians watch carefully as cables prepare to lift a J-2 engine into a test stand. The J-2 powered the second stage and the third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket. The towering 363-foot Saturn V was a multi-stage, multi-engine launch vehicle standing taller than the Statue of Liberty. Altogether, the Saturn V engines produced as much power as 85 Hoover Dams.

S65-46638 (29 Aug. 1965) --- Astronaut Charles Conrad Jr. tweaks astronaut L. Gordon Cooper's eight-day growth of beard for the cameramen while onboard the prime recovery vessel after their Gemini-5 flight.

S-IB-1, the first flight version of the Saturn IB launch vehicle's first stage (S-IB stage), undergoes a full-duration static firing in Saturn IB static test stand at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) on April 13, 1965. Developed by the MSFC and built by the Chrysler Corporation at the Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF) in New Orleans, Louisiana, the 90,000-pound booster utilized eight H-1 engines to produce a combined thrust of 1,600,000 pounds. Between April 1965 and July 1968, MSFC performed thirty-two static tests on twelve different S-IB stages.

S65-59934 (4 Dec. 1965) --- Gemini-7 pilot James A. Lovell Jr. has a temperature check with an oral temperature probe attached to his spacesuit during a final preflight preparations for the Gemini-7 space mission. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has planned a 14-day mission for the Gemini-7. The temperature probe allows doctors to monitor astronauts' body temperature at any time during the mission. Photo credit: NASA

S65-51660 (29 Aug. 1965) --- Astronauts Charles Conrad Jr. (left) and L. Gordon Cooper Jr. prepare to slice into the huge cake prepared for them by the cooks onboard the aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain. They are using ornamental Navy swords for knives.

S65-41828 (September 1965) --- Portrait of the Gemini-7 prime and backup crew members around a model of the Gemini-7 spacecraft. The prime crew members for the Gemini-Titan 7 (GT-7) are astronauts Frank Borman (standing right), command pilot, and James A. Lovell Jr. (kneeling right), pilot. Astronauts Michael Collins (kneeling left), pilot, and Edward H. White II (standing left), command pilot, were named as GT-7 backup crew members on July 1, 1965. Photo credit: NASA

Artists used paintbrushes and airbrushes to recreate the lunar surface on each of the four models comprising the LOLA simulator. Project LOLA or Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach was a simulator built at Langley to study problems related to landing on the lunar surface. It was a complex project that cost nearly 2 million dollars. James Hansen wrote: This simulator was designed to provide a pilot with a detailed visual encounter with the lunar surface the machine consisted primarily of a cockpit, a closed-circuit TV system, and four large murals or scale models representing portions of the lunar surface as seen from various altitudes. The pilot in the cockpit moved along a track past these murals which would accustom him to the visual cues for controlling a spacecraft in the vicinity of the moon. Unfortunately, such a simulation--although great fun and quite aesthetic--was not helpful because flight in lunar orbit posed no special problems other than the rendezvous with the LEM, which the device did not simulate. Not long after the end of Apollo, the expensive machine was dismantled. (p. 379) Ellis J. White described the simulator as follows: Model 1 is a 20-foot-diameter sphere mounted on a rotating base and is scaled 1 in. 9 miles. Models 2,3, and 4 are approximately 15x40 feet scaled sections of model 1. Model 4 is a scaled-up section of the Crater Alphonsus and the scale is 1 in. 200 feet. All models are in full relief except the sphere. -- Published in James R. Hansen, Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo, (Washington: NASA, 1995), p. 379 Ellis J. White, Discussion of Three Typical Langley Research Center Simulation Programs, Paper presented at the Eastern Simulation Council (EAI s Princeton Computation Center), Princeton, NJ, October 20, 1966.

Marshall Space Flight Center's rocket development has always included component testing. Pictured here is a Cell 114-B burn stack. The C114-B is part of the gas generators used to test heat exchanges for the F-1 engine. On the initial firing of the C114-B the spark ignition would not light. The rocket propellant mixed with the liquid oxygen gelled creating a bomb. After several attempts at ignition, the spark ignited and blew up the stand. Subsequent testings were completed on newly constructed stands and no further mishaps were reported.

S65-54129 (November 1965) --- Design for the emblem of the Gemini VII spaceflight. At left of hand-held torch is a Gemini spacecraft. Roman numeral indicates the seventh flight in the Gemini series. Prime crew men for the mission are astronauts Frank Borman, command pilot, and James A. Lovell Jr., pilot. The NASA insignia design for Gemini flights is reserved for use by the astronauts and for other official use as the NASA Administrator may authorize. Public availability has been approved only in the form of illustrations by the various news media. When and if there is any change in this policy, which we do not anticipate, it will be publicly announced. Photo credit: NASA

S65-13395 (6 Jan. 1965) --- Gemini-3 spacecraft (final configuation) during test at Boresight Range, Merritt Island launch area.

S65-28750 (21 Aug. 1965) --- Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr. (left) and Charles Conrad Jr. are seen in the Gemini-5 spacecraft in the white room at Pad 19 just after insertion.

S65-28459 (16 July 1965) --- Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, command pilot for the Gemini-5 backup crew, inside the Gemini Static Article 5 spacecraft prior to water egress training in the Gulf of Mexico. The training is part of the prelaunch schedule for prime and backup crew on the Gemini-5 mission.

Arrived at NASA FRC January 9, 1963 Departed September 10, 1973 to Redding, California This aircraft, one of four T-33A jet trainers which NASA Dryden used from 1958 to 1973, was used in a monocular vision landing study. The T-33 was the first U.S. Air Force jet trainer, and was originally developed as a two-seat version of the F-80. The T-33 was used by not only the U.S. military, but also by foreign air forces as a trainer, fighter, and reconnaissance aircraft.

S65-45610 (21 Aug. 1965) --- Astronaut Charles Conrad Jr. as seen through the Gemini-5 spacecraft window before launch.

S65-61757 (4 Dec. 1965) --- Astronaut Frank Borman, command pilot of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Gemini-7 spaceflight, undergoes suiting up operations in the Launch Complex 16 suiting trailer. A medical biosenser is attached to his scalp. Photo credit: NASA

Scout launch vehicle lift off on Wallops Island in 1965. The Scout launch vehicle was used for unmanned small satellite missions, high altitude probes, and reentry experiments. Scout, the smallest of the basic launch vehicles, is the only United States launch vehicle fueled exclusively with solid propellants. Published in the book " A Century at Langley" by Joseph Chambers pg. 92

S65-19600 (3 June 1965) --- The prime crew for the Gemini-Titan 4 mission have an early morning breakfast prior to their historic flight which was launched at 10:16 a.m. (EST) on June 3, 1965. Shown here seated around the table (clockwise starting front center) are Dr. D. Owens Coons, chief, MSC Center Medical Office; astronaut James A. McDivitt, GT-4 command pilot; Dr. Eugene F. Tubbs, Kennedy Space Center; Rt. Rev. James Heiliky, McDivitt's priest at Cocoa Beach, Florida; Msgr. Irvine J. Nugent and astronaut Edward H. White II, GT-4 pilot. The group had a breakfast of tomato juice, broiled sirloin steak, poached eggs, toast, strawberry gelatin and coffee.

S65-19578 (21 May 1965) --- The Gemini-Titan 4 prime crew, astronauts Edward H. White II (left), pilot, and James A. McDivitt, command pilot, check out the Gemini-4 spacecraft during a wet mock simulation test at Cape Kennedy. The Gemini-4 mission, scheduled no earlier than June 3, 1965, will circle Earth 62 times in four days.

Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. A simulated environment that contributed in a significant way to the success of Apollo project was the Lunar Landing Research Facility, an imposing 250 foot high, 400 foot long gantry structure that became operational in 1965. Published in the book "Space Flight Revolution" NASA SP-4308 pg. 376

S67-20423 (1967) --- Comparison chart of U.S. launch vehicles. Photo credit: NASA

S65-60603 (2 Dec. 1965) --- Astronaut Frank Borman, Gemini-7 command pilot, sits attentively as two scalp electrodes are attached to his head. The electrodes will allow doctors to record electrical activity of the astronaut's cerebral cortex during periods of weightlessness. The objectives of this in-flight experiment are to assess state of alertness, levels of consciousness, and depth of sleep. Photo credit: NASA

In this photograph at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Complex 37 Control Center, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Director Wernher von Braun (right) talks with KSC's Rocco Petrone while awaiting the launch of SA-8 (Saturn I) on May 25, 1965. Petrone played key roles at KSC in the development of Saturn launch facilities before becoming the director of launch operations in 1966.

S65-29643 (3 June 1965) --- Astronaut James A. McDivitt, Gemini-4 command pilot, is shown in full spacesuit in the suit trailer prior to launch. He is reviewing a crew procedures flip book.

S65-14550 (26 Feb. 1965) --- Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, the pilot of the Gemini-Titan 3 backup crew, is shown during suiting operations at Pad 16 at Cape Kennedy, Florida.

S65-56155 (15 Dec. 1965) --- Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, pilot; and Walter M. Schirra Jr., command pilot, are readied for insertion into the Gemini-6 spacecraft in the White Room at Pad 19, Cape Canaveral, Florida. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-28746 (21 Aug. 1965) --- Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr. (foreground) and Charles Conrad Jr. arrive in the white room at Pad 19 during the Gemini-5 countdown at Cape Kennedy, Florida.

S65-21864 (19 March 1965) --- Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom (left), command pilot; and John W. Young, pilot, prepare to run Gemini-Titan 3 simulations in the Gemini mission simulator at Cape Kennedy, Florida. The NASA GT-3 flight was scheduled for March 23, 1965.

S65-61916 (12 Dec. 1965) --- Astronauts Walter M. Schirra Jr. (foreground), command pilot; and Thomas P. Stafford, pilot, arrive at Pad 19 during the Gemini-6 prelaunch countdown. NASA has planned Gemini-6 as a two-day mission in space. An attempt was made to launch Gemini-6 at 9:54 a.m. (EST) on Dec. 12, 1965. However, seconds after ignition, the first stage engine of the Gemini-6 launch vehicle shutdown due to a faulty release of a liftoff umbilical plug. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Food packages of beef and gravy fully reconstituted and ready to eat. An astronaut would squeeze food through opening at right side of package. Water gun is used to reconstitute dehydrated food. Scissors are used to open packages. This is the type of space food which will be used on the Gemini-Titan 4 spaceflight. MSC, Houston, TX *S65-24895 thru S65-24899

S65-60037 (7 Dec. 1965) --- An overall view of the Manned Spacecraft Center's Mission Control Center, during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Gemini-7 spaceflight. Photo credit: NASA

S65-57962 (25 Oct. 1965) --- The Gemini-6 prime crew arrives at Pad 19 during the Gemini-6 countdown. Leading up the ramp is astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr., command pilot, followed by astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, pilot. Moments later they entered the spacecraft in the white room atop the Titan launch vehicle. Since the Agena, intended as a rendezvous target vehicle in the Gemini-6 mission, failed to achieve orbit, the Oct. 25 launch was scrubbed. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The hydrogen-powered second stage is being lowered into place during the final phase of fabrication of the Saturn V moon rocket at North American's Seal Beach, California facility. The towering 363-foot Saturn V was a multi-stage, multi-engine launch vehicle standing taller than the Statue of Liberty. Altogether, the Saturn V engines produced as much power as 85 Hoover Dams.

The S-IC-T stage was hoisted into the S-IC Static Test Stand at the Marshall Space Flight Center. The S-IC-T stage was a static test vehicle, not intended for flight. It was ground tested repeatedly over a period of many months to prove the vehicle's propulsion system. The 280,000-pound stage, 138 feet long and 33 feet in diameter, housed the fuel and liquid oxygen tanks that held a total of 4,400,000 pounds of liquid oxygen and kerosene. The two tanks were cornected by a 26-foot intertank section. Other parts of the booster included the forward skirt and the thrust structure, on which the engines were to be mounted. Five F-1 engines, each weighing 10 tons, gave the booster a total thrust of 7,500,000 pounds, roughly equivalent to 160 million horsepower.

S65-45736 (21-29 Aug. 1965) --- Alexandria, Egypt is photographed from the Gemini-5 spacecraft in orbit over Earth.

Astronaut Charles Conrad Jr., Gemini 5 Pilot, sits in the Gemini Static Article 5 Spacecraft and prepares to be lowered from the deck of the NASA Motor Vessel Retriever for Water Egress Training. The rubber "hat" on Astronaut Conrad's head is a neck dam and pulls down and fits tightly around the collar of his suit to prevent water from entering the suit.

S65-29642 (3 June 1965) --- Close-up view of astronauts James A. McDivitt (foreground) and Edward H. White II inside their Gemini-4 spacecraft. NASA Headquarters alternative photo number is 65-H-294.

S65-30433 (3 June 1965) --- Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot of the Gemini IV four-day Earth-orbital mission, floats in the zero gravity of space outside the Gemini IV spacecraft. White wears a specially designed spacesuit; and the visor of the helmet is gold plated to protect him against the unfiltered rays of the sun. He wears an emergency oxygen pack, also. He is secured to the spacecraft by a 25-feet umbilical line and a 23-feet tether line, both wrapped in gold tape to form one cord. In his right hand is a Hand-Held Self-Maneuvering Unit (HHSMU) with which he controls his movements in space. Astronaut James A. McDivitt, command pilot of the mission, remained inside the spacecraft. Photo credit: NASA EDITOR'S NOTE: Astronaut White died in the Apollo/Saturn 204 fire at Cape Kennedy on Jan. 27, 1967.

Seen in this view left to right Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John Young stand in front of Gemini trainer prior to test, MCC. MSC, HOUSTON, TX CN

S65-30412 (3 June 1965) --- The Gemini-Titan 4 (GT-4) spaceflight launches from Cape Kennedy's Pad 19 at 10:16 a.m. (EST) on June 3, 1965. The GT-4 spacecraft carried astronauts James A. McDivitt, command pilot, and Edward H. White II, pilot, on a four-day, 62-revolution mission. Photo credit: NASA

S65-10171 (2 Feb. 1965) --- Astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr., the Gemini-Titan 3 backup crew command pilot, is shown during water egress para-drop training activity in nearby Galveston Bay.

View of Astronaut John W. Young through spacecraft window prior to launch of Gemini-Titan 3 mission.

S65-45763 (21-29 Aug. 1965) --- View of the lower tip of Baja, California and Bahia de la Paz taken from the Gemini-5 spacecraft in orbit over Earth.

Pictured is the Saturn V S-IC-T stage (static testing stage) being assembled in the horizontal assembly station at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), building 4705. This stage underwent numerous static firings at the newly-built S-IC Static Test Stand at the MSFC west test area. The S-IC (first) stage used five F-1 engines that produced a total thrust of 7,500,000 pounds as each engine produced 1,500,000 pounds of thrust. The S-IC stage lifted the Saturn V vehicle and Apollo spacecraft from the launch pad.

S65-41886 (22 July 1965) --- Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper Jr. makes adjustments to his helmet during suiting up exercise at Pad 16, Cape Kennedy, Florida. He is preparing for the Gemini-5 spaceflight. Photo credit: NASA

Final preparation for insertion of the crew members into the GT-III Spacecraft takes place in the white room atop the Launch Vehicle, Pad 19. CAPE KENNEDY, FL B&W

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- Holiday Office Center, Cocoa Beach, location of many NASA sub-contractors offices. A PIO photo. Photo credit: NASA

3/4 front view of model with flaps up. V/STOL Aircraft: Wind tunnel investigation of rotating cylinder applied to training edge flaps for high lift & low-speed control.

S-IB-1, the first flight version of the Saturn IB launch vehicle's first stage (S-IB stage), sat in the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Saturn IB static test stand on March 15, 1965. Developed by the MSFC and built by the Chrysler Corporation at the Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF) in New Orleans, Louisiana, the 90,000-pound booster utilized eight H-1 engines to produce a combined thrust of 1,600,000 pounds.

S65-05399 (1965) --- Composite drawing showing the vertical, lateral, forward and aft maneuvering control of the Gemini spacecraft.

S65-30202 (3 June 1965) --- Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot on the Gemini-Titan IV (GT-4) spaceflight, floats in the zero gravity of space outside the Gemini IV spacecraft. His face is covered by a shaded visor to protect him from the unfiltered rays of the sun. White became the first American astronaut to walk in space. He remained outside the spacecraft for 21 minutes during the third revolution of the Gemini IV mission. He wears a specially designed spacesuit for the EVA. He?s holding the Hand-Held Self-Maneuvering Unit (HHSMU), with which he controlled his movements while in space, and a camera is attached to the HHSMU. He was attached to the spacecraft by a 25-feet umbilical line and a 23-feet tether line, both wrapped together with gold tape to form one cord. He wears an emergency oxygen supply check pack. Astronaut James A. McDivitt is command pilot for the GT-4 mission. The mission was a four-day, 62-revolution flight, during which McDivitt and White performed a series of scientific and engineering experiments. (This image is black and white) Photo credit: NASA EDITOR?S NOTE: Astronaut Edward H. White II died in the Apollo/Saturn 204 fire at Cape Kennedy, Florida, on Jan. 27, 1967.

Southwestern US, with Las Vegas, NV in foreground, taken by X-15 Hycon HR-236 Camera during flt. 2-39-70 on June 27, 1965.

S65-18750 (23 March 1965) --- Astronaut John W. Young took this picture over eastern Africa during the Gemini-Titan 3 three-orbit mission on March 23, 1965. The altitude of the Gemini spacecraft "Molly Brown" was 90 miles. Young used a hand-held modified 70mm Hasselblad camera with color film. The lens setting was 250th of a second at f/11.

S65-63150 (16 Dec. 1965) --- Eddies in stratocumulus clouds over the Canary Islands as seen from the Gemini-6 spacecraft during its 14th revolution of Earth. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-13243 (6 Jan. 1965) --- Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, Gemini-Titan 3 command pilot, is shown entering the Gemini-3 spacecraft for a communications test at the Merritt Island launch area.

S65-44234 (14 Sept. 1965) --- The Gemini-5 crew, astronauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr., command pilot, and Charles Conrad Jr., pilot, receive a standing ovation during their visit to the U.S. House of Representatives on Sept. 14, 1965, after their record setting eight-day mission in space.

S65-61804 (15 Dec. 1965) --- Overall view of activity in blockhouse at Launch Complex 19 during the final moments of the Gemini-6 prelaunch countdown. The Gemini-6 spacecraft and launch vehicle at Pad 19 are seen on television monitors above consoles. In the spacecraft awaiting liftoff were astronauts Walter M. Schirra Jr., command pilot; and Thomas P. Stafford, pilot. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration successfully launched Gemini-6 at 8:37 a.m. (EST) on Dec. 15, 1965, on a two-day mission in space. An attempt will be made to rendezvous Gemini-6 with Gemini-7. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

In this photograph are Alabama Governor George Wallace (left), Marshall Space Flight Center Dr. Wernher von Braun (Center) and NASA Administrator James Webb (right). Governor Wallace and Dr. Webb were at MSFC to witness the first test firing of a Saturn V Booster, along with members of the Alabama legislature and press reporters.

Vibration effects on Humans in a Biased Acceleration Field with Hubert C Vykukal at console

Vibration effects on Humans in a Biased Acceleration Field with David Millengurg in chair

S65-19225 (23 March 1965) --- This view of astronauts John W. Young (left), pilot, and Virgil I. Grissom, command pilot, was taken through the window of the open hatch on Young's side of the Gemini-Titan 3 spacecraft just before the hatches were closed in readiness for their three-orbit flight.

S65-41825 (1 July 1965) --- Astronauts Frank Borman (right), command pilot, and James A. Lovell Jr., pilot, are the prime crew members for NASA's Gemini-Titan 7 (GT-7) mission. Photo credit: NASA

Artist Concepts, Apollo Mission: S66-10983: Ascent Stage Liftoff (S66-05094) S66-10984: Orientation During Ascent Phase (S66-05098) S66-10985: Midcourse Coast (S66-05113) S66-10986: Survey of Landing Site (S66-05117) S66-10987: Lunar Module (LM) Jettison (S66-05089) S66-10988: Trans-Earth Injection (S66-05090) S66-10989: Exploration on Lunar Surface Apollo Surface Lunar Exploration Experiment (ASLEP) S66-10990: Liftoff (S66-05125) S66-10991: Command Module (CM)-Service Module (SM) Separation (S66-05101 N/F) S66-10992: Touchdown on Lunar Surface (S66-05115) S66-10993: Transfer Orbit Insertion (S66-05111) S66-10994: Drogue Parachute Deployment S66-10995: S-IC Stage Separation S-II Stage Thrusting (S66-05099) S66-10996: Jettison Launch Escape System (S66-05114) S66-10997: Main Parachute Deployment (S66-05091) S66-10998: Mid-course correction (S66-05088) S66-10999: Lunar Orbit Insertion (S66-05086) S66-11000: Command Service Module (CSM)-LM Docked in LM Adapter-S-IVB (S66-06526) S66-11001: Docking and Separation of spacecraft from S-IVB (S66-05107) S66-11002: Final Descent (S66-05096) S66-11003: Entry into Earth Atmosphere (S66-05096) S66-11004: Deploy S/C LM Adapter-Separate CSM from LM-S-IVB (S66-06525 & 05105) S66-11005: Turnaround of CSM (S66-05104) S66-11006: S-II Stage Separation S-IVB Stage Thrusting (S66-05102) S66-11007: LM Ascent CSM Docked (S66-05100) S66-11008: Midcourse Correction SPS Mode (S66-05106) S66-11009: Earth Orbit Insertion of S-IVB & S/C (S66-05092) S66-11010: Trans-lunar Injection (S66-05116) S66-11011: LM Descent (S66-05110) S66-11012: S-IVB Stage Operations (S66-05112 N/F) S66-11013: Spacecraft Recovery (S66-05126) S66-11014: Lunar Orbit (S66-05103) S66-11015: CSM-LM Docking (S66-05095) S66-11016: Entry CM (S66-5109) S66-11017: Midcourse Corrections to Lunar Landing (S66-08486) S66-11018: Midcourse Corrections to Lunar Landing w/Overlay (S66-05083) S66-11019: Earth Launch Phase w/Overlay (S66-08485 & 05119) S66-11020: Earth Launch Phase (S66-08487 & S66-05084) S66-11022: Apollo Vehicles (S66-05127) S66-11024: Transfer to LM (S66-05082) S66-11025: Lunar Launch Phase S66-11027: Trans-earth Separation of C/M from S/M-C/M return to Earth (S66-05097) S66-11028: CSM-LM Separation, LM Descent to Moon (S66-05108) MSC, Houston, TX Also available in B&W 12/1965 - 06/1966

S65-10172 (2 Feb. 1965) --- Astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr., the Gemini-Titan 3 backup crew command pilot, is shown during water egress para-drop training activity in nearby Galveston Bay.

S65-59931 (4 Dec. 1965) --- Astronaut Alan Bean (right), spacecraft communicator for the Gemini-7 mission, joins other personnel (including H.K. "Fritz" Widick in dark jacket running launch operations) in the Blockhouse at Launch Complex 19 during the launch of the Gemini-7 spacecraft at 2:30 p.m. (EST), Dec. 4, 1965. Astronaut Frank Borman, command pilot, and James A. Lovell Jr., pilot, are the crew members for the planned 14-day mission in space. Photo credit: NASA

S65-63136 (16 Dec. 1965) --- Shark Bay area on the western coast of Western Australia as seen from the Gemini-6 spacecraft during its 16th revolution of Earth. City of Carnarven, where NASA has a tracking station, is located near the bottom of picture in lower left corner, near mouth of stream. Indian Ocean is body of water at upper right. South is toward top of picture. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-19504 (28 May 1965) --- Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot for the Gemini-Titan 4 prime crew, is pictured during an extravehicular exercise in the Building 4 laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. White is controlling about the yaw (vertical) axis while translating. He stands on a Balance Extravehicular Training Aircraft which is separated from the level steel floor by a .001th-inch cushion of air. In his right hand White holds a zero-gravity integral propulsion unit which is a self-maneuvering device used by an astronaut in a zero-gravity environment. This condition is simulated in this training exercise. White's spacesuit is pressurized to create a realistic training condition. The simulated umbilical line is floated on air with the aid of eleven small air pads.

S65-63826 (5 Dec. 1965) --- Oriente Province, eastern end of Cuba, as seen from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Gemini-7 spacecraft during its 14th revolution of Earth. Guantanamo Bay is in the center of the picture on the southern coast of Cuba. Santiago de Cuba is located about one inch from the bottom edge of the picture, or about three inches westward down the coast from Guantanamo. This photograph was taken with a modified 70mm Hasselblad camera, using Eastman Kodak, Ektachrome MS (S.O. 217) color film. Photo credit: NASA

CAPE KENNEDY, Fla. -- At Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida, Gemini 3 pilot John W. Young is followed by command pilot Virgil I. Grissom as they walk to elevator at Launch Complex 19 for their three orbit flight, the first mission of the Gemini spacecraft. Photo Credit: NASA

S65-66703 (18 Dec. 1965) --- Astronaut James A. Lovell Jr., pilot of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Gemini-7 spaceflight, undergoes an eye examination during a postflight medical checkup aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp. Gemini-7 splashed down in the western Atlantic recovery area at 9:05 a.m. (EST) Dec. 16, 1965, after a 14-day mission in space. Photo credit: NASA

S65-56151 (October 1965) --- Gemini-6 astronauts Thomas P. Stafford (left), pilot, and Walter M. Schirra Jr., command pilot, are shown during suiting up exercises at Cape Kennedy, Florida. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-20428 (23 March 1965) --- Astronaut John W. Young (center), pilot of the Gemini-Titan 3 flight, is shown during a steak breakfast which he was served about two hours prior to the 9:24 a.m. (EST) GT-3 launch. At left is J.S. McDonnell, board chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. Dr. Charles A. Berry, chief of Center Medical Programs, is at right.

S65-61834 (18 Dec. 1965) --- Astronauts Frank Borman (left), Gemini-7 command pilot, and James A. Lovell Jr., pilot, take time out during their welcoming ceremonies aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp to autograph a life preserver. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Gemini-7 spacecraft splashed down in the western Atlantic recovery area at 9:05 a.m. (EST), Dec. 18, 1965, to conclude a highly successful 14-day mission in space. Photo credit: NASA

S65-29652 (7 May 1965) --- Astronauts James A. McDivitt (right) and Edward H. White II are shown at the Morehead Planetarium in North Carolina, checking out celestial navigation equipment as part of their training for the Gemini-Titan 4 mission. The NASA Headquarters alternative photo number is 65-H-277.

S65-23485 (23 March 1965) --- Astronaut John W. Young, pilot for the Gemini-Titan 3 mission, is in his space suit prior to Gemini-3 launch.

S65-56177 (1965) --- Gemini-6 astronauts Walter M. Schirra Jr., command pilot, and Thomas P. Stafford, pilot, check out the spacecraft during a simulated test at Launch Complex 19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-46375 (21 Aug. 1965) --- Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Gemini-5 command pilot, gets help with the donning of his spacesuit by NASA suit technician Clyde Teague during suiting up operations. Astronaut Charles Conrad Jr. (out of frame) is Gemini-5 pilot. The two astronauts will fly the Gemini-5 spacecraft for a planned eight-day mission in space.

S65-10118 (1 Feb. 1965) --- The Gemini-6 prime crew, astronauts Walter M. Schirra Jr. (in water), command pilot; and Thomas P. Stafford (on spacecraft), pilot, are pictured during water egress training at Ellington Air Force Base, Texas. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-29635 (3 June 1965) --- The Gemini-Titan 4 (GT-4) spaceflight launches from Cape Kennedy's Pad 19 at 10:16 a.m. (EST) on June 3, 1965. The GT-4 spacecraft carried astronauts James A. McDivitt, command pilot, and Edward H. White II, pilot, on a four-day, 62-revolution mission. Photo credit: NASA

The Super Guppy is shown at the Redstone Airstrip. NASA used the aircraft to transport the S-IVB upper stage used on the Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles between manufacturing facilities on the West coast, and testing and launch facilities in the Southeast. This aircraft was built by John M. Conroy of Aero Spaceliners, Incorporated, who started with the fuselages of a surplus Boeing C-97 Stratocruiser, ballooned out the upper decks enormously, and hinged the front sections so that they could be folded back 110 degrees. The Super Guppy flew smoothly at a 250-mph cruising speed, and its cargo deck provided a 25-foot clear diameter.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- An aerial view of early construction of Launch Pad 39A, looking southwest. Pad 39A is one of two launch sites for the Apollo Saturn V Moon rocket. Each site is an eight-sided polygon and 3,000 feet across. The pad is 390 feet by 325 feet reinforced concrete hardstand standing 48 feet above sea level. The flame trench in the center holds a 700,000-pound flame deflector during launch operations.

Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. Lunar Landing Testing at NASA Langley. A simulated environment that contributed in a significant way to the success of Apollo project was the Lunar Landing Research Facility, an imposing 250 foot high, 400 foot long gantry structure that became operational in 1965. Published in the book "Space Flight Revolution" NASA SP-4308 pg. 376

Vibration effects on Humans in a Biased Acceleration Field with Hubert C Vykukal and Roy H St John

S65-61912 (12 Dec. 1965) --- Astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr., command pilot, accepts the best wishes of G.F. Wendt, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation pad leader, as he arrives in the white room atop Pad 19. Moments later, Schirra and astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, pilot, entered the spacecraft for their planned two-day mission. At right is NASA suit technician Al Rochford. NASA attempted to launch Gemini-6 at 9:54 a.m. (EST) on Dec. 12, 1965. However, seconds after ignition the first stage engine of the Gemini-6 launch vehicle shut down due to a faulty release of a liftoff umbilical plug. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-45041 (9 Sept. 1965) --- Close-up of Gemini-5 astronauts during press conference. Pictured left to right are Dr. Robert R. Gilruth; along with astronauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr. and Charles Conrad Jr.

S65-19505 (28 May 1965) --- Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot for the Gemini-Titan 4 prime crew, is pictured during an extravehicular exercise in the Building 4 laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. White is controlling about the yaw (vertical) axis while translating. He stands on a Balance Extravehicular Training Aircraft which is separated from the level steel floor by a .001th-inch cushion of air. In his right hand White holds a zero-gravity integral propulsion unit which is a self-maneuvering device used by an astronaut in a zero-gravity environment. This condition is simulated in this training exercise. White's spacesuit is pressurized to create a realistic training condition. The simulated umbilical line is floated on air with the aid of eleven small air pads.

This photograph depicts engineers and technicians moving the Saturn V S-IC (First) stage liquid oxygen (LOX) tank from the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory for load testing under simulated firing loads at the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory at the Marshall Space Flight Center.

Two workers are dwarfed by the five J-2 engines of the Saturn V second stage (S-II) as they make final inspections prior to a static test firing by North American Space Division. These five hydrogen -fueled engines produced one million pounds of thrust, and placed the Apollo spacecraft into earth orbit before departing for the moon. The towering 363-foot Saturn V was a multi-stage, multi-engine launch vehicle standing taller than the Statue of Liberty. Altogether, the Saturn V engines produced as much power as 85 Hoover Dams.

Workers at the Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Dynamic Test Stand install S-IB-200D, a dynamic test version of the Saturn IB launch vehicle's first stage, on January 11, 1965. MSFC Test Laboratory persornel assembled a complete Saturn IB to test the launch vehicle's structural soundness. Developed by the MSFC as an interim vehicle in MSFC's "building block" approach to the Saturn rocket development, the Saturn IB utilized Saturn I technology to further develop and refine the larger boosters and the Apollo spacecraft capabilities required for the manned lunar missions.

S65-61913 (12 Dec. 1965) --- Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, pilot, makes a facial gesture at the camera while suiting up in Launch Complex 16 trailer during Gemini-6 prelaunch countdown. NASA has planned a two-day mission in space for astronauts Stafford and Walter M. Schirra Jr. (out of frame), command pilot. An attempt was made to launch Gemini-6 from Pad 19 at 9:54 a.m. (EST) on Dec. 12, 1965. However, seconds after ignition, the first stage engine of the Gemini-6 launch vehicle shutdown due to a faulty release of a liftoff umbilical plug. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-28645 (June 1965) --- Photograph showing the component parts of the Gemini experiment In-flight Photometer.

S65-56161 (25 Oct. 1965) --- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched an Atlas/Agena vehicle at 10 a.m. (EST) on Oct. 25, 1965, from Pad 14. Intended as a rendezvous target vehicle in the Gemini-6 mission, the Agena failed to achieve orbit, and the Gemini-6 mission was scrubbed. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

S65-28742 (21 Aug. 1965) --- View of Mission Control Center at Cape Kennedy, Florida, moments after the Gemini-5 spacecraft was launched from Pad 19 on Aug. 21, 1965. Standing at right is astronaut Donald K. Slayton, assistant director for Flight Crew Operations, Manned Spacecraft Center. Seated (wearing dark shirt) is astronaut Russell L. Schweickart. Other NASA and McDonnell Aircraft Col. personnel also monitor the progress of the flight.

S66-27377 (19 Feb. 1966) --- Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, pilot of the Gemini-9 spaceflight, is suited up in preparation for tests with the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (AMU). The tests are conducted in Chamber B, Environmental Test Laboratory, Building 32. The AMU, which consists of a chest pack and a backpack, will be used for extravehicular activity (EVA) on the Gemini-9 mission. Photo credit: NASA